454 HARDINGE he was 14 years old, and he was early thrown upon his own resources for support. He be- came in turn hired boy, peddler, agent, and chairmaker, and eventually a house painter in Pittsburgh, Pa. He worked at this occupation a year, when acquaintance with a travelling portrait painter led him to attempt art. Hav- ing succeeded in producing a crude portrait of his wife, he devoted himself enthusiastically to the profession. He painted several other por- traits at Pittsburgh, and then went to Paris, Ky., where he finished 100 portraits in six months at $25 each. After receiving slight in- struction in Philadelphia, he established him- self prosperously in St. Louis. In August, 1823, he went to London, and spent three years in studying and painting. He resided next in Boston, where he became very popular. In 1843 he went to England again, and afterward resided in Springfield, Mass., spending his win- ters frequently in St. Louis or in some of the southern cities. Among the distinguished per- sons who sat to him were Presidents Madison, Monroe, and J. Q. Adams, Chief Justice Mar- shall, Charles Carroll, William Wirt, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, Wash- ington Allston, the dukes of Norfolk, Hamil- ton, and Sussex, Samuel Rogers, Sir Archibald Alison, Lord Aberdeen, and David Ricardo. His last work was a portrait of Gen. Sherman. He wrote " My Egotistography," which has been printed, but not published. HARDINGE. I. Henry, viscount, an English soldier, born in Wrotham, Kent, March 30, 1785, died at Southport, near Tunbridge Wells, Sept. 24, 1856. He entered the army in 1798, became lieutenant in 1802, and captain in 1804. He served throughout the peninsular war, be- ing part of the time on the staff of the com- mander-in-chief. From 1809 to 1813 he was deputy quartermaster general of the Portuguese army. He took part in several battles in the peninsula, and was twice wounded. On the renewal of hostilities in 1815 he was again on the staff of Wellington. At the battle of Li- gny, where he acted as brigadier general with the Prussian army, he lost his left arm, which prevented his presence at Waterloo. On his return to England he received a pension, and was made a knight commander of the bath. He was returned to parliament for Durham in 1820, and again in 1826. In 1828, when Wel- lington came into power, he was made secre- tary at war, which office he exchanged for the chief secretaryship for Ireland two years later. When Wellington went out Hardinge resigned, but was reinstated in office by Sir Robert Peel during his first term of power (1834-'5), and again in 1841. In April, 1844, he was appointed governor general of India. He originated the policy which ended in the annexation of Oude under his successor Lord Dalhousie. When the Sikhs invaded the British territory from Lahore, he collected a force of 32,000 men and 68 guns, and marched with it toward the threatene'I portion of the territory. On Dec. HARDOUIN 13, 1845, learning that a large Sikh army had crossed the Sutlej, he issued a proclamation, and followed it up by immediately attacking the invaders. The battles of Moodkee, Fero- zeshah, Sobraon, and Aliwal closed this short campaign of about six weeks, during which Hardinge served as a volunteer under Sir Hugh Gough. For his services he received the thanks of parliament and a pension of 3,000 a year, and was raised to the peerage with the title of Viscount Hardinge of Lahore ; the East India company also gave him a pension of 5,000. He received 16 medals for service in as many pitched battles. In January, 1848, he was su- perseded in the Indian government by Lord Dalhousie. In February, 1852, he was ap- pointed master of ordnance, and on the death of the duke of Wellington, in September of the same year, he became commander-in-chief of the forces. In October, 1855, he was ad- vanced to the rank of field marshal. Having become paralytic, he resigned in July, 1856. II. Charles Stewart, viscount, son of the prece- ding, born Sept. 12, 1822. He was educated at Eton and Christclmrch, Oxford, was his fa- ther's secretary in India, and took part in the battles with the Sikhs. From 1851 to 1856 he sat in parliament for Downpatrick. Under Lord Derby's second administration (1858-'9) he was under secretary at war. He is an ar- tist of much merit, and has published elabo- rate "Views in India" (imp. fol., 1847). HARDOUN, Jean, a French Jesuit, born in Quimper, Brittany, in 1646, died in Paris, Sept. 3, 1729. He entered the order of Jesuits, and after teaching rhetoric for some time, went to Paris to finish his classical studies. He pre- pared Pliny's " Natural History" for the Del- phin series of classics (5 vols. 4to, 1685) ; and in his Chronologia ex Nummis Antiquis restitu- ta (2 parts, 1693 and 1697) he maintained that of all the ancient classics none are genuine but Homer, Herodotus, Cicero, Pliny the Elder, the Georgics of Virgil, and the satires and epistles of Horace ; and that with the aid of these the monks of the 13th century had fabricated all the others, and reconstructed ancient history. The -^Eneid he regarded as an allegory of the progress of Christianity. His work was sup- pressed by order of parliament, but was surrep- titiously reprinted. In 1708 he was compelled to recant his opinions, but he reproduced them in subsequent works. In 1715 he published his great Conciliorum Collectio (12 vols. fol.), embracing the councils held from the year 34 to 1714, including more than 20 whose acts had not before been published ; but Pere Har- douin is accused of having suppressed some important pieces and replaced them by apocry- phal passages. At the request of six doctors of the Sorbonne the parliament arrested the sale of the work, and caused a number of leaves to be cancelled. Among his other works are Nummi Antiqui Populorum et Urbium, (1684) ; De Nummis Antiquis Coloniarum et Munici- piorum (1689) ; De Nummis Samaritanis, and
