470 HARMS ^ of a semitone. Prof. Mayer has also deter- mined the other limit of the effects of beats by ascertaining in the different octaves the num- ber of beats which produce the greatest harsh- ness or dissonance on the ear. We give above a curve which at a glance shows the connec- tion between the pitch of a note and the dura- tion of the residual sensation. The curve ap- proaches closely to an equilateral hyperbola (which latter curve is also given in a dotted line as a means of comparison) ; it would indeed coincide with the hyperbola if the du- ration of the residual sensation were simply inversely as the pitch. The units of division on the horizontal line equal 64 vibrations per second, while the units on the vertical line equal ^ o f a second. To find by means of this curve the duration of a simple sound, ob- tain the point on the horizontal line corre- sponding to its number of vibrations, and then erect from this point a perpendicular reaching to the curve. The length of this perpendicular in units of the vertical scale will give the dura- tion of the residual sensation of the sound in the fraction of a second ; and the denominator of this (vulgar) fraction gives the number of beats which the note will have to make with a neighboring one to form the smallest consonant interval. Although the science of counter- point is based upon the principles of harmony, yet the discussion of this subject leads into the higher aesthetic principles of musical compo- sition ; we therefore refer to the article Music for information on that subject. HARMS, Clans, a German theologian, born at Fahrstedt, Holstein, May 25, 1778, died in Kiel, Feb. 1, 1855. He was the son of a miller, and for some time followed his father's business. He became chief pastor of the church of St. Nicholas and provost at Kiel in 1835, and councillor of the supreme consis- tory in 1842. Having lost his sight, he resign- ed his office in 1849. He celebrated the jubi- lee of the reformation in 1817, by propounding 95 new theses, in which the doctrines of the total depravity of man and the indispensable necessity of faith were maintained. Against him Baumgarten-Crusius wrote the XCV. Theses Theologies contra Super stitionem et Profanationem. The theses and theological works of Harms gave the first strong impulse to a great revival of the orthodox Lutheran theology in Germany. He published Pasto- ral Theologie (3 vols., 2d ed., 1837) ; Weisheit und Witz (1850); Selbstbiographie (2d ed., 1851); and Vermischte Aufsatze (1853). HARNESS, William, an English clergyman, born about 1784, died in November, 1869. He was lame, besides suffering from severe illness at Harrow, where Lord Byron, his schoolmate and friend, offered him protection with these words: " Harness, if any one bullies you, tell me, and I'll thrash him if I can." He after- ward studied at Cambridge, took orders, and held several preferments in London. He wrote dramas and poems, and published " The Con- HAROLD I. nection of Christianity with Human Happi- ness " (2 vols., 1823), a variorum edition of Shakespeare (8 vols., 1825), "Parochial Ser- mons" (1838), and other works. His "Liter- ary Life," by the Rev. A. G. L'Estrange (1871), contains much matter relating to Byron and other celebrities of his time. IIARNETT, a central county of North Caro- lina, intersected by Cape Fear river, and watered by Little river ; area, 675 sq. in. ; pop. in 1870, 8,895, of whom 3,038 were colored. The surface is hilly, and the soil in parts productive. Tar and turpentine an- largely produced. It is intersected by the Western railroad of North Carolina. The chief productions in 1870 were 8,571 bushels of wheat, 125,410 of Indian corn, 64,290 of sweet potatoes, and 334 bales of cotton. There were 588 horses, 1,791 milch cows, 3,788 other cattle, 3,793 sheep, and 10,194 swine. Capital, Summerville. HARNETT, Cornelius, an American revolution- ary statesman, born in England, April 20, 1723, died at Wilmington, N. 0., April 20, 1781. He came in early life to America, and prior to the disputes with Great Britain was a man of wealth and distinction, residing on a large estate near Wilmington, N. C. He was one of the earliest to denounce the stamp act and kindred measures. In 1770-'71 he was repre- sentative of the borough of Wilmington in the provincial assembly, and chairman of the most important committees of that body. In 1772 he was appointed by the assembly, with Robert Howe and Maurice Moore, to prepare a remon- strance against the appointment, by the royal governor Martin, of commissioners to fix the southern boundary of the province. Josiah Quincy, who visited him in the following year, called him " the Samuel Adams of North Caro- lina;" and, as the revolution approached, he was its master spirit throughout the Cape Fear region. He was elected to the provincial con- gress in 1775, and to the congress at Halifax, on the Roanoke, in 1776, and drew up the in- structions to the North Carolina delegates in the continental congress. When in 1776 Sir Henry Clinton appeared with a British fleet off Cape Fear, Harnett and Howe were excepted, as arch-rebels, from the terms of a general par- don. On the arrival of the Declaration of In- dependence at Halifax, July 26, 1776, Harnett read it to a great concourse of citizens and soldiers, who took him on their shoulders and bore him in triumph through the town. In the autumn he was on the committee for drafting a state constitution and bill of rights, and after- ward as member of the continental congress he signed the articles of confederation. When in 1780-'81 the British held possession of the country around Cape Fear, Harnett was made a prisoner, and died while a captive. HAROLD I., king of the Anglo-Saxons, sur- named HAREFOOT from his swiftness in running, died at Oxford, March 17, 1040. He was the second of three sons of Canute the Great, who
