498 HARVARD UNIVERSITY similar examinations on nearly every subject in the middle of the year. A large portion of the instruction is given by lectures. A sys- tem of special honors, classified as " honors " and "second-year honors," has recently been established for the encouragement of those who wish to attain distinction in special de- partments of study. The former are awarded at the close of the college course to such students as prove by examination exception- al proficiency in any one of the following courses : classics, modern languages, philoso- phy, history, mathematics, physics (including chemistry), and natural history. Candidates for honors in the classics or in mathematics must have previously taken second-year honors in the same department. Second-year honors in the classics and in mathematics are awarded to sophomores and juniors upon special exam- ination. The honors awarded are stated in the diploma. The degree of bachelor of arts conferred by Harvard university has been graded as the ordinary degree and the degree with distinction. In the latter case the dis- tinction is indicated in the diploma by the words cum laude ; to obtain this the candi- date must have attained 80 hundredths of the maximum mark for the whole college course, or 87 hundredths of that for the junior and senior years combined. The necessary ex- penses of an undergraduate during the aca- demic year range from $400 to $650, the tui- tion being $150. Pecuniary aid afforded to students removes the necessity of any leaving college through indigence. Ninety-two schol- arships varying in their annual income from $40 to $350 have been established, and the number is rapidly increasing. More than $20,- 000 from this source is gratuitously distrib- uted each year among the undergraduates, the preference being given to those ranking highest as scholars. From other beneficiary funds about $750 is annually distributed in gratui- ties ranging from $50 to $100. There is also a loan fund, the annual interest of which, amounting to more than $2,000, is lent to stu- dents in sums ranging from $50 to $150, pay- able at their option. Besides the above, stu- dents may derive an income from acting as monitors ; the various monitorships amount to about $1,200 a year. Twenty-three prizes, yielding annually $895 in sums from $15 to $100, are open to undergraduates. In the di- vinity school are two professorships of theolo- gy, one of ecclesiastical history, one of New Testament criticism and interpretation, and one of Hebrew, besides a lectureship on Bibli- cal literature. Bachelors of arts are admitted without examination; others are required to pass an examination in Latin and the Greek text of the gospels. The full course occupies three years, on the completion of which the degree of bachelor of divinity is conferred only upon examination. The necessary expenses are about $300 a year. There are nine schol- arships, yielding $1,695 annually, in sums rang- ing from $125 to $260, and nearly $3,000 from other funds is annually distributed among the students. The course of study in the law school occupies two years. There are no re- quirements for admission except that the ap- plicant, if not a college graduate, must be at least 19 years old. But an examination is re- quired for admission to an advanced portion of the course in the case of candidates for a degree. Instruction is given by recitations, lectures, and moot courts, by three full pro- fessors, an assistant professor, and several lec- turers. The cost of tuition for the first year that a student is a member of the school is $150, for the second $100, and for any subse- quent year $50. Eight scholarships, of the an- nual value of $100 each, are assigned at the be- ginning of each academic year to students who have been in the school the whole of the pre- ceding year, and intend to remain throughout the ensuing year. Prior to 1871-'2 the degree of bachelor of laws was conferred upon all who had been enrolled as students a year and a half; it can now be obtained only upon examination. In the Lawrence scientific school courses of instruction are provided for three classes of persons: 1, those desiring the ordinary prac- tical education in engineering and science; 2, those preparing to be teachers ; 3, those desi- ring advanced instruction in science prepara- tory to the degree of doctor of philosophy or doctor of science. The instruction prepara- tory to the degrees of civil engineer and bach- elor of science comprises a four years' course in civil and topographical engineering, and three years' courses in practical and theoretical chemistry, in natural history, and in mathe- matics, physics, and astronomy. The teachers' course embraces one year's study in the ele- ments of natural history, chemistry, and phys- ics. Instruction for candidates for the doctor's degree and other advanced students is pro- vided in physics, chemistry, zoology, botany, and mathematics. Candidates for admission to any one of the regular courses leading to the degree of civil engineer or bachelor of science must be examined; but no examina- tion is required for admission to the teachers' course, or that for advanced students. The degree of civil engineer is conferred after ex- amination upon students who have completed the course in civil and topographical engineer- ing. To obtain the degree of bachelor of science the student must have attended the school for at least one year, have completed the course of studies in one or more depart- ments, and pass the examination. The course of study pursued and the grade of merit are specified in the degree, the three grades being indicated by cum laude, magna cum laude, and summa cum laude. The tuition fee for any of the courses in the scientific school is $150 a year. There are four scholarships yielding annually $150 each. The full course in the school of mining and practical geology occu- pies four years, on the completion of which
