HAUTES-PYRENEES ficient for home consumption. In the north- ern part the vine is cultivated ; but a large proportion of the surface is devoted to pastur- age, and the mountains furnish timber in abundance. The minerals include iron, cop- per, and lead, but they are not extensively worked. The manufactures, principally of hardware, coarse woollens, and leather, are lot important ; and the chief trade is in wool, ttle, and dairy products. It is divided into e arrondissements of Annecy, Bonneville, >t. Julien, and Thonon. Capital, Annecy. HAUTES-PYRENEES (Upper Pyrenees), a S. W. lepartment of France, in Gascony, bordering Spain and the departments of Gers, Haute- >nne, and Basses-Pyrenees, and deriving its le from the mountains which bound it on the ith ; area, 1,749 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 235,156. surface is broken by numerous offsets of the enees, between which lie picturesque and tile valleys, watered by the Arros, the Gave- le-Pau, and other streams. The department as mines of copper, iron, argentiferous lead, langanese, antimony, and zinc, and contains ine marble, granite, freestone, kaolin, gyp- im, and several mineral springs. It produces )undance of fruits, wine, good pasturage, cat- le, sheep, and horses, but not enough grain for jmestic consumption. The manufactures are lot important, and consist chiefly of the wool- stuffs called bareges. It is divided into the mdissements of Tarbes, Argeles, and Ba- 3-de-Bigorre. Capital, Tarbes. HAUTE-VIEME (Upper Yienne), a W. de- lent of France, formed of parts of the icient provinces of Marche and Limousin, )rdering on the departments of Indre, Creuse, }rreze, Dordogne, Charente, and Vienne ; 2,130 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 322,447. surface is diversified with mountains, ralleys, and extensive plains. The moun- uns are connected with those of Auvergne, id form a dividing ridge between the basins the Loire and the Garonne. Their highest )int, the Puy-Vieux, is 3,200 ft. The Vi- me, Thorion, and Gartempe are the princi- " rivers. The soil is not fertile, but good pas- irage is abundant, and horses, cattle, sheep, , are reared. Iron, copper, lead, antimony, coal, granite, amethysts, emeralds, &c., are found, and an active manufacturing industry is levoted to iron, steel, copper, porcelain, paper, It is divided into the arrondissements of jimoges, Bellac, Rochechouart, and St. Yrieix. )ital, Limoges. HAUT-RHIN (Upper Rhine), formerly a N. E. apartment of France, in Alsace, bordering on Switzerland and the grand duchy of Baden ; 1,586 sq. m. ; pop. in 1866, 530,285. Sy the treaty of May 10, 1871, between France id Germany, most of the department was jded to Germany and now forms a portion of Llsace-Lorraine. (See ALSACE.) The portion stained by France contains 235 sq. m., and in 1872 had a population of 56,781. It is called territory of Belfort, from its capital. HAUY 517 HAFY. I. Rene Jnst, a French mineralogist, born at St. Just, near Beauvais, Feb. 28, 1743, died in Paris, June 3, 1822. He was born of humble parents, but his love for religious mu- sic attracted the attention of a priest, who, af- ter giving him some instruction, procured him a situation in the choir of a church in Paris, whence he went to the college of Navarre and to that of Cardinal Lemoine. In the lat- ter institution, where he became a teacher, he first acquired a love for botany ; and ac- cidentally entering the lecture room of Dau- benton, he conceived a passion for mineral- ogy, which shaped his course in life. The ac- cidental dropping of a specimen of calcareous spar revealed to him the geometrical law of crystallization. Communicating his discovery to Daubenton, at the suggestion of Laplace, who saw its great importance, he laid it before the academy in 1781. His discovery met with bitter opposition ; but the only answer he made to his detractors was new researches and more careful study. From the date of his me- moir on the schorls in 1784 commenced a new era in mineralogy ; chemistry confirmed the teachings of crystallography, and an entirely new arrangement of minerals was the con- sequence. During the revolution Hatty, who had received holy orders, was thrown into pris- on ; but the exertions of Geoffrey Saint-Hi- laire obtained his release a few days before the massacre of September, 1792. In 1793 he was appointed one of the committee on weights and measures, and in 1794 keeper of the cabi- net of mines. In the latter capacity he pre- pared his principal work, Traite de mineralo- gie (4 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1801), of which a por- tion had been published in a single volume in 1797. It is a complete exposition of the idea that the crystalline form should be the princi- pal guide in the determination of mineralogi- cal species, elevating his favorite study at once into the class of exact sciences. In December, 1802, he was appointed professor of mineralo- gy in the museum of natural history. In an- swer to an application from government to pre- pare a treatise on physics for colleges, he pub- lished in 1803 his Traite elementaire de phy- sique, which passed through three editions. The little emolument accorded to him under the empire he lost under the restoration, and in the latter part of his life he was cramped by poverty ; but he endured it with cheerfulness, and was greatly respected by all who knew him. He died from the effects of a fall, leav- ing as sole inheritance to his family his mag- nificent collection of crystals, the fruit of 20 years' labor ; it is now preserved, in a room by itself, in the museum of natural history in Paris. Among his works, besides those above referred to, are: Essai tfune theorie sur la structure des cristaux (1784) ; Exposition de la theorie de Velectricite et du magnetisme .(1787) ; De la structure consideree comme caractere dis- tinctif des mineraux (1793) ; Caracteres phy-^ siques des pierres precieuses (1817) ; and Traite
