666 HENRY preached frequently elsewhere. His biogra- phy, by his son Matthew Henry (London, 1698), has passed through many editions. HKMH , Robert, a Scottish historian, born in the parish of St. Ninian's, Stirlingshire, Feb. 18, 1718, died near Edinburgh, Nov. 24, 1790. He was educated at the university of Edin- burgh, and was afterward master of the gram- mar school of Annan till in 1746 he was li- censed as a preacher. He was pastor of a Presbyterian congregation at Carlisle from 1748 to 1760, at Berwick-upon-Tweed from 1760 to 1768, and afterward in Edinburgh. His principal work is a "History of Great Britain" (6 vols., Edinburgh and London, 1771-'93). It extended to the death of Henry VIII., and was continued to the accession of James I. by J. P. Andrews (London, 1794). HENRY, William, an English chemist, born in Manchester, Dec. 12, 1775, died Sept. 2, 1836. He studied under Dr. Black of Edinburgh. Though he practised in Manchester as a phy- sician, he gave particular attention to chem- istry. In 1803 he published the law "that water takes up of gas condensed by one, two, or more additional atmospheres, a quantity which would be equal to twice, thrice, &c.; the volume absorbed under the common pres- sure of the atmosphere." His "Elements of Experimental Chemistry" (2 vols., London, 1810) reached its llth edition in 1829. HENRY THE HERMIT, or Henry of Lausanne, founder of the sect of the Henricians, born probably in Italy, died at Clairvaux, France, in 1149. He lived at first as an anchorite, but about 1113 abandoned his hermitage, and travelled through northern Italy, preaching his peculiar views. It is said that he rejected a great part of the Scriptures, baptized only adults, denied the real presence, suppressed the mass, declared churches and altars use- less, and forbade the use of the cross as a symbol of worship, and prayers for the dead, lie was tall and poorly clad, wore a hair shirt, shaved his beard, and walked barefoot. He was eloquent and earnest, and gained many disciples, having a reputation for piety and de- votion. Driven by persecution, he crossed the Alps to Lausanne, and his reputation spread throughout France. He was invited to Le Mans, but first sent two disciples, and then followed them. He there excited a great op- position of the people to the priests, and the archbishop Hildebert interposed, forbidding him to preach, and ordering him to leave the diocese. Henry then went to Poitou, Langue- doc, and Guienne, and made many disciples at Poitiers and Bordeaux. Driven still by perse- cution, he went to Dauphiny, where he met Peter de Bruys, whom he acknowledged as his master. His doctrines were so widely adopt- ed, that Pope Eugenius III. in 1147 sent Car- dinal Alberic, bishop of Ostia, to combat this heresy, accompanied by Geoffroy, bishop of Chartres, and St. Bernard, and asked the in- terference of temporal princes, especially of HENRY THE LION the king of France and the duke of Savoy. Peter de Bruys was arrested and burned at the stake, but Henry escaped to Toulouse, and continued to spread his doctrines in Gascony and the adjacent countries. Bernard spoke r'nst him, but without persuading the peo- who cherished Henry and his doctrines. He was cited several times before the legate, but, admonished by the fate of Peter de Bruys, fled from city to city. He was taken at length, carried before the bishop of Toulouse, and finally before the council of Rheims in 1148, and convicted. Eugenius III. would not allow him to be burned, but condemned him to prison, where he soon died. His followers made com- mon cause with the Vaudois and Albigenses. HENRY THE LION, duke of Saxony and Ba- varia, born in 1129, died in Brunswick in 1195. His father, Henry the Haughty, had been out- lawed and despoiled of his possessions for re- fusing to acknowledge the election of the em- peror Conrad III. He died soon after, leaving his son, 10 years of age, to whom (as the Saxons had never succumbed to the decision of Conrad respecting their late duke) Saxony was speedily restored. In the diet at Frank- fort (1147) Henry formally demanded restitu- tion of all his possessions, Bavaria having been bestowed upon Leopold, margrave of Austria. Conrad refused, and a war ensued, the results of which in the main were favorable to Henry. Frederick Barbarossa meanwhile succeeded Conrad (1152), and one of his first acts was to restore to Henry the Bavarian duchy. Hen- ry's dominions, including part of modern Pomerania, now extended from the Baltic and North sea to the Alps. He was the head of the house of Guelph, and in all respects the most considerable of the German princes. He triumphed over a confederacy of church poten- tates who conspired against him in his own dominions; and in 1168 he espoused Matilda (or Maud) of England, sister of Richard Cceur de Lion. Under him Lubeck, which had been founded a few years before, was built up into a powerful city. Hamburg, which had been de- stroyed by the Wends, was rebuilt ; Munich was founded; and improvements were everywhere encouraged in education and industry. But Henry had become unpopular with neighboring princes and bishops, who threatened to arrest his growing importance. He attacked them, devastated Thuringia, reconquered Bremen, and, having restored tranquillity along his frontiers, made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land (1172). Feeling now sufficiently powerful to decline service in the imperial expeditions in Italy, he withdrew his forces at a critical mo- ment; and the immediate consequence was the overthrow of the emperor at Legnano (1 176). On Frederick's return from Italy, after the peace of Venice (1177), he summoned the duke to appear before him in a diet at Worms. The summons, thrice repeated, was unheeded, and the contumacious prince was declared de- posed and under the ban of the empire. His
