676 HERBARIUM IIERBELOT September, 1791, he was elected by tbe city of Paris to the legislative assembly, where he at once joined the extreme left. Having been re- turned to the convention by the department of Seine-et-Oise, he was chosen president of that body, Nov. 2, 1792. He was one of the com- missioners sent to organize the department of Mont Blanc, and while absent from Paris on this mission signed a letter voting for the " con- demnation " of the king, after the words " to death " had been stricken from it at the request of one of his colleagues, the abb6 Gregoire. He joined Danton and Lacroix in demanding the trial of Henriot, and presided at the well known sitting of June 2, 1793, when he pro- claimed the proscription of the Girondists. On June 10 he presented a report from the com- mittee of public safety on the proposed consti- tution, which had been drawn up mainly by himself, but it was not accepted. He also pre- sided at the -great fete of Aug. 10, 1793. He was an uncompromising democrat, and as mem- ber of the committee of public safety proposed many measures of great severity. When sent on a mission to Alsace in September, 1793, he wrote: "I have planted guillotines on my route, and find that they have produced good effects." The consideration he enjoyed pro- voked the jealousy of Robespierre, and on a frivolous pretext he was imprisoned. On March 31, 1794, St. Just accused him in the convention of being a noble by birth and of having protected the emigres. He was con- demned to death with Danton, Desmoulins, and others, and met his fate with calmness. He was the author of many works, among which were Visite d Buff on (Paris, 1785), and The- orie de V ambition (1802), written during his last imprisonment. HERBARIUM, a collection of dried plants, for- merly called a hortus nccus. In collecting spe- cimens, the whole plant, including root, is taken if not over 15 in. high, if possible se- lecting those which present both flower and fruit. With larger plants such portions are taken as will accurately represent the whole ; if the leaves vary in form, specimens of each kind should be included, as well as young shoots, buds, flowers, and fruit. The specimens are dried between sheets of bibu- lous paper, which are changed more or less frequently according to the climate and the character of the plants. When thoroughly dry, the flowers and soft parts are poisoned, to prevent their destruction by insects, by sprinkling them with an alcoholic solution of corrosive sublimate and keeping them between papers until this is dry. The specimens are finally mounted upon sheets of heavy white paper by gluing them down, or by fastening them by means of small straps of gummed pa- per ; one species only is placed upon a sheet, but several small specimens of the same species in different stages, or from different localities, are put upon the same sheet. The name of the plant is written at the lower right-hand corner, or a ticket containing it is pasted there. The species of each genus are placed together in a fold of heavy manila paper, upon the lower left-hand corner of which the name of the genus is written. The specimens in their genus covers are then placed in a cabinet or case with pigeonholes large enough to allow them to lie flat, which should close tightly to ex- clude dust and insects. The genera are gather- ed into families or orders, following whatever lineal arrangement may be preferred. The size of the paper is a matter of importance ; great annoyance results from having it too small, and if needlessly large it increases the expense. Most American botanists adopt the size of Hi by 16 in.; the herbarium of Linnseus is on ordinary foolscap sheets. Among the cele- brated collections of Europe are the Kew, the Linnsean, and the Banksian herbaria, the last at the British museum. The herbaria of the Paris museum, of Berlin, of St. Petersburg, and many others, are of great extent and value. In this country, the Gray herbarium at Har- vard, the Torrey and Meisner herbaria at Co- lumbia college, and that of the academy of natural sciences at Philadelphia, are the most important ; and there are many smaller ones, including those of botanists who study in spe- cial departments, of great scientific interest. HERBART, Johann Friedrieh, a German philos- opher, born in Oldenburg, May 4, 1776, died in Gottingen, Aug. 14, 1841. At an early age he acquired a knowledge of the philosophical sys- tems of Wolf and Kant, and subsequently at- tended the lectures of Fichte at Jena. After teaching at Bern, where he was intimate with Pestalozzi, and wrote a treatise on his system of education, he went in 1802 to Gottingen, and in 1805 was appointed extraordinary pro- fessor. In 1809 he accepted the chair of phi- losophy at Konigsberg, whence he was recalled in 1833 to Gottingen. His philosophy was a reaction against the reigning idealism, and par- takes at once of the empiricism of Locke and Condillac, the monadism of Leibnitz, the criti- cism of Kant, and the mathematical idealism of Bardili. His principal works are : LeJirbuch zur Einleitung in die Philosophic (Konigsberg, 1813 ; 4th ed., 1837) ; Lehrluch zur Psychologie (1816; 3d ed., 1834); Psychologie, als Wissen- scJiaft neu gegrundet aufErfahrung, Metaphy- sik und Mathemathik (2 vols., 1824-'5) ; All- gemeine Metaphysik nebst den Anfangen der philosophischen Naturlehre (2 vols., 1828-'9) ; and the EncyTclopadie der Philosophic aut praktischen Gesichtspunkten (Halle, 1831 ; 2d ed., 1841). His minor philosophical writings, j with a biography by Hartenstein, were pub- | lished at Leipsic (3 vols., 1841-'3); his com- i plete works were edited by Hartenstein (12 I vols., Leipsic, 1850-'52). IIERBELOT, Barthelemy d>, a French oriental- ist, born in Paris in December, 1625, died there, Dec. 8, 1695. He acquired a knowledge of Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, Persian, and Turkish, twice visited Italy to obtain instruction from
