HICKS era and western parts of New York. His leological writings were principally in an epistolary form. See " Elias Hicks, Journal rf his Life and Labors" (Philadelphia, 1828), d his "Sermons" (1828). HICKS, Thomas, an American painter, born Newtown, Bucks co., Pa., Oct. 18, 1823. [e attempted portrait painting in his 15th rear, and in 1838, after copying the casts in "le Pennsylvania academy of fine arts, entered life and antique schools of the national ^ademy of design in New York, to whose mual exhibition in 1841 he contributed a ncture of the "Death of Abel." For several he painted portraits and compositions, id in 1845 went to Europe. He passed three p-ears in Italy, chiefly at Rome, afterward idied under Couture in Paris, where he re- ained about a year, and after a brief resi- lence in England returned to New York in 1849. He has since devoted himself princi- lly to portrait painting, but has occasionally produced landscapes and figure pieces. Among jis portraits are those of Dr. Kane in the ibin of the Advance, Longfellow, Margaret "uHer, Henry Ward Beecher, Edwin Booth as and a large picture of the " Contempo- leous Authors of America." In 1865 he iblished a eulogy on Thomas Crawford. HIDALGO, a word applied in Spain to every loble man or woman, but strictly the title of e lowest order of nobility, constituting the 'dalgma. Some writers derive the word >m Mjo del Goto, the son of a Goth, such lescent being held in Spain to imply greater irity of blood than when intermixed ; others )m hijo de alguno, son of somebody. Hi- are divided into hidalgos de naturaleza, jriving their privileges from their ancestors, id hidalgos de primlegio, who have purchased leir rank, or obtained it by court favor in- 3ad of descent, and are in this respect on an quality with simple caballeros and escuderos, knights and squires. A hidalgo de Iragueta ras one supposed to possess the privileges of lobility from being the father of seven sons rithout an intervening daughter ; and a hidal- de gotero was one who enjoyed the rights nobility in one place alone. The privileges the hidalgos were abolished by the introduc- ion of the constitutional system. In Portugal " word fidalguia embraces all the nobility ider the common denomination of fidalgos. HIDALGO, a S. W. county of Texas, separated >m Mexico by the Kio Grande, which is ivigable all along the border; area, 3,200 sq. i.; pop. in 1870, 2,387, of whom 41 were col- id. About half of it is sandy and fit only )r pasturage; the other half "is productive ith irrigation, and will yield two crops a rear. The principal trees are the live oak, lezquite, and ebony elm, which attain but a rail size ; the ash and willow grow in the illey of the Rio Grande. Stock raising is the chief industry. There is a salt lake, known as Sal del Rey, from which large quantities of HIERAPOLIS 717 salt of superior quality are taken to northern Mexico. The chief productions in 1870 were 7,380 bushels of Indian corn and 117 bales of cotton. There were 3,459 horses, 4,496 milch cows, 13,645 other cattle, 11,270 sheep, and 555 swine. Capital, Edinburgh. HIDALGO COSTILLA, Don Miguel, a Mexican revolutionist, born in South America in the latter part of the 18th century, shot at Chihua- hua, Mexico, July 27, 1811. He was a priest, and in early life was noted for the conscien- tious fulfilment of his ecclesiastical functions. He is said to have introduced the silkworm into Mexico, and did much to promote the culture of the vine. The policy of the Spanish government^ being to discourage all manufac- tures or agriculture which could interfere with the revenue, the vines planted by Hidalgo were destroyed. This drove him to rebellion. Possessing much influence among the Indians, he formed the plan of a general insurrection, which was to take place Nov. 1, 1810; but the plot having been disclosed by one of the conspirators, some of his party were ar- rested, and he was obliged to precipitate his movements. In September, having been joined by three officers of the garrison of Guanajuato, he raised the standard of revolt. His eloquence had a remarkable effect on the multitude who heard him, and when after his oration he un- furled a rude copy of the picture of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the patroness of Mexico, the war assumed the character of a crusade. On Sept. 29, with an army of 20,000 men, mostly In- dians, he captured Guanajuato, on which oc- casion the greatest outrages were committed, and $5,000,000 plundered. He took Vallado- lid and several small places, and soon after was proclaimed generalissimo of the Mexican army, and advanced against Mexico ; but, having been excommunicated by the arch- bishop, the disorders and desertions conse- quent upon this measure, as well as the total want of ammunition, compelled him to re- treat. " He was defeated at Aculco by Calleja on Nov. 7, driven soon after from Guanajuato with great slaughter, and totally routed at the bridge of Calderon, Jan. 17, 1811. Leaving the remnant of his forces at Saltillo under the command of Rayon, Hidalgo set out for the United States to obtain arms and military aid ; but he was betrayed on the way into the hands of the Spaniards by one of his asso- ciates, Elizondo, March 21, carried to Chihua- hua, degraded from the priesthood, and shot. After his death he was regarded as a saint by the people, and within a few years the place of his execution was shown to travellers as a holy spot. HIDES* See LEATHER. HIERAPOLIS (sacred city). I. An ancient city of Phrygia, between the rivers Lycus and Meander, celebrated for its warm springs and its cave Plutonium, from which arose a mephi- tic vapor which was said to be poisonous to all but the priests of Cybele. It was the seat of
