738 HINDOSTAN HIPPARION range relative to the surrounding country ap- pears to be on the plateau which forms its eastern extremity, where it is approached by the Karakorum mountains. The absolute height of the eastern portion of the Hindoo Koosh, however, is very great, the Nuksan pass, be- tween Chitral on the south and Wakhan on the north, being estimated to be 17,000 ft. above the level of the sea. There are glaciers in this region. The range decreases in elevation as it stretches westward. Those peaks whose heights have been determined are upward of 20,000 ft. in altitude. The section which has been most thoroughly explored lies between the 70th and 68th meridians, from the Khawak pass on the east to th& Hadjiyak passes on the west. It is described as an unpierced water- shed, closely corresponding to the line of high- est peaks, and crossed by 19 passes, none less than 12,000 ft. high. The Khawak pass, 13,- 500 ft., is supposed to be that which was trav- ersed by Tamerlane on his way to the con- quest of India, and by Alexander the Great on his return from Bactria. The three Hadjiyak passes, about 13,000 ft., lead from the head of the Cabool valley to Bamian in the basin of the Oxus, and are usually regarded as the limit of the Hindoo Koosh on the west, the name Koh-i-baba being applied to the western ex- tension of the range. The Cabool and Hel- mund rivers rise on the southern slope of the watershed, and from the northern side flow several important tributaries of the Oxus. The Hindoo Koosh is characterized by excessive aridity and a remarkable absence of forests. HINDOSTAN. See INDIA. HINDS, a S. W. county of Mississippi, bound- ed E. by Pearl river and N. W. by the Big Black; area, 850 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 30,- 488, of whom 20,659 were colored. It has a level surface and a rich soil. It is intersected by the New Orleans, Jackson, and Great North- ern, and the Yicksburg and Meridian rail- roads, and the Raymond branch. The chief productions in 1870 were 10,619 bushels of rye, 410,553 of Indian corn, 58,304 of sweet potatoes, and 27,394 bales of cotton. There were 1,714 horses, 2,905 mules and asses, 4,274 milch cows, 1,034 working oxen, 7,071 other cattle, 4,179 sheep, and 14,330 swine; 2 manufactories of agricultural implements, 1 of boots and shoes, 2 of carriages, 1 of furniture, 1 of gas, 2 of iron castings, 1 of machinery, 3 of saddlery and harness, 4 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 2 bookbinderies, and 2 news- paper establishments. Capital, Jackson, which is also the capital of the state. H1NGHAM, a town of Plymouth co., Massa- chusetts, pleasantly situated on the S. side of Boston harbor, 14 m. S. of Boston, with which it has communication by the South Shore railroad; pop. in 1870, 4,422. It is a place of resort for residents of the city, and in summer steamers run daily to Boston. The fisheries employ several vessels, and the manu- factures are of considerable importance. The town contains a national bank, savings bank, insurance company, newspaper, 17 schools, and 8 churches. It was settled in 1635. HINSDALE, a S. W. county of Colorado, formed in 1874 from portions of Conejos, Lake, and Saguache cos. ; area, about 1,400 sq. m. It contains gold mines. Capital, San Juan City. HINTON, John Howard, an English clergyman, born in Oxford, March 24, 1791. He first preached at Reading, and afterward at. Lon- don, as minister of a Baptist congregation. He had the reputation of being an independent and original preacher, and he was a zealous advocate for the voluntary principle in religion and education. He edited the " History and Topography of the United States," completed in 1832 (American editions by 8. L. Knapp, 2 vols. 4to, Boston, 1834; by J. O. Choules, with continuation, 2 vols. 4to, New York, 1853). He has also written " Memoirs of Wil- liam Knibb;" "Theology, or an Attempt to- ward a Consistent View of the Whole Counsel of God ;" " Elements of Natural History," &c. The complete edition of his works is in 7 vols. HIOGO, or Fiogo, a seaport town of Japan, pleasantly situated on the island of Nipon, on the bay and about 20 m. W. of the city of Osaka, of which it is the port; pop. about 20,000, including a small number of foreign merchants, mostly Germans. Being the best harbor of Japan, its opening to foreign trade in 1868, and its proximity to the most fertile districts of the empire, gave rise to great com- mercial activity. The exports are very con- siderable, especially of tea. The annual im- ports are valued at about $7,000, 000. Upward of 1,000 vessels enter the port annually. A railway to Osaka was opened in 1874. HIPPARCHUS, an ancient astronomer, born in Nicaea, Bithynia, flourished in the middle of the 2d century B. C. We have no details of his life, and our knowledge of his astronomi- cal discoveries is derived altogether from his disciple Ptolemy. He was the first who syste- matically attempted to classify the stars, and to determine their position and magnitude. To his catalogue we are indebted for our knowledge of the retrograde motion of the equinoctial points. He was the inventor of the planisphere, and he conceived the idea of marking the position of places on the earth by circles drawn perpendicular and parallel to the equator. His only work still extant is the " Commentary on the Phenomena of Aratus and Eudoxus," the best edition of which is that of Petavius (Paris, 1630). IIIPPARCHUS. See HIPPIAS AND HIPPARCHUS. HIPPARION, an extinct perissodactyl or un- even-toed mammal, belonging to the solidun- gulate (solid-hoofed or single-toed) division, which includes the horse and the ass, or the family equida. In its skeleton it was decided- ly horse-like, but, in addition to the single toe on each foot, it had an additional one on each side, raised from the ground, and pointing lat- erally backward, as in the hog and ruminants.
