756 HOFHTJF HOG and miscellaneous, are numerous, and his popu- lar songs acquired great celebrity, chiefly from their witty and liberal character. IIOFHIF, a city of Hasa, Arabia, near the Persian gulf, in lat. 25 20' 56" N., Ion. 49 40' 50" E. ; pop. about 24,000. It was once strongly fortified, but its walls and towers are now little more than heaps of ruins. It is divided into three quarters or districts, which meet in a public square 300 yards in length by 75 in breadth. The Kot, the quarter in which resides the governor and his officials, is a vast citadel, surrounded by a deep trench, with massive walls and towers built of earth and stone. The great mosque is a building in the Moorish style, with arches and light por- ticos. Small enclosed gardens are attached to many of the houses, and fig and citron trees overhang the streets, but most of the orchards and plantations are without the walls. A gen- eral fair is held every Thursday, and one is held on Mondays at Mebarraz, a town of 20,000 inhabitants, 3 m. N. of Hofhuf. HOFLAND, Barbara, an English authoress, born in Sheffield in 1770, died Nov. 9, 1844. She was the daughter of Robert Wreaks, a manu- facturer in Sheffield, and in 1796 married Mr. Hoole, who died about two years later, leaving her poor. She published a volume of poems in 1805, and with the proceeds established a small school at Harrogate. In 1808 she mar- ried Thomas C. Hofland the artist. In 1812 she published five different works, and from that time was almost constantly busy with her pen, producing in all about 70 works, of which the sale was very large both in Europe and America. Most of them were novels and moral tales for the young. Among the most popular were "The Daughter-in-Law," "Em- ily," "The Czarina," "The Clergyman's Wid- ow," "Says She to 'her Neighbor, What?" and especially " The Son of a Genius." HOFLER, Karl Adolph Konstantln, a German historian, born at Memmingen, Bavaria, March 26, 1811. He graduated at Munich in 1838, and continued his studies at Gottingen and in Italy. In 1836 he became editor of the official government organ in Munich, and in 1838 adjunct, and about 1840 full professor at the university. In 1847 he was removed from his professorship in consequence of the publica- tion of Der Constitution seid der KaiholiTcen in Baiern, but was soon after appointed keeper of the archives in Bamberg. In 1851 he was made professor of history in Prague. His works include Die deutschen Papste (2 vols., Ratisbon, 1839) ; Quellensammlung fiir fran- Icische Geschichte (4 vols., Baireuth, 1849-'52) ; FranTcische Studien (6 parts, Vienna, 1852- '3) ; Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Ges^hickte (3 vols., Ratisbon, 1850-'56 ; 1 vol., Vienna, 1857) ; and Die Geschichtschreiber der Hus- sitischen Bewegung (2 vols., Vienna, 1856-'65). HOFMANN, August Wilhelm, a German chemist, born in Giessen, April 8, 1818. He is the son of an architect, and studied chemistry under Liebig, whose assistant he was at the univer- sity of Giessen. In 1845, after having been appointed professor at Bonn, he was at Lie- big's recommendation placed in charge of the newly established royal college of chemistry in London, which was united in 1853 to the royal school of mines ; and in 1855 he received the additional appointment of chemist to the mint. His reputation as one of the most success- ful teachers of chemistry of the present day brought him many offers from German govern- ments, and in 1865 he succeeded Mitscherlich in the university of Berlin. Faraday's discov- ery of benzole among the oily products found in compressed oil-gas holders early attracted Hofrnann's attention, and his important re- searches resulted in 1845 in his discovering the presence of the same substance in coal-tar oil. He indicated by formulas the successive changes in the transformation of benzole into nitro-benzole, and of the latter into aniline ; and it is to him that science is indebted for most of the discoveries which have been made in these colors. The dye known as fuchsine, azaleine, mauve, solferino, magenta, &c., he showed to be a combination of a base, which he named rosaniline, with an acid, usually acetic or hydrochloric. He has recently in- vestigated the conversion of aniline into tolui- dine, and is now (1874) investigating processes for the production of homologues of amines of other classes, and of some of the bases oc- curring in the organization of plants. He has conducted, with Dr. Bence Jones, the later editions of Fowne's "Manual of Chemistry," and contributed many disquisitions on organic chemistry and other subjects to scientific pub- lications in England and Germany. A royal medal was awarded to him in 1854 for his memoirs on the molecular constitution of the organic bases, and he afterward became presi- dent of the chemical society. He wrote the report on the chemical department of the great London exhibition of 1862, and that on the tar dyes in the Paris international exhibi- tion of 1867. His other important works re- late to hygiene and to chemical technology, and include Einleitung in die moderne CTiemie (1865 ; 5th ed., Brunswick, 1871), and essays commemorative of Thomas Graham and of Gustav Magnus in the Berichte der deuUclien chemisclien Gesellschaft (Berlin, 1869-'70). HOFWYL. See FELLEXBERG. HOG (sus, Linn.), a well known pachyderma- tous animal, found throughout the world, and sufficiently characterized in the article BOAR. Besides the common sus scrofa (Linn.), the hogs as a family have been made to include the peccary (dicotyles, Cuv.) and wart hog (phacocharus, F. Cuv.) ; and the name of hog or pig has been erroneously applied to some of the cavies, the armadillo, the porpoise, and other animals with porcine appearance and habits. The dentition is as follows: incisors | or |, canines |i|, and molars |z|, 42 or 44 in all ; the lower incisors project forward, and
