810 HOP HOPE which is considered equal to 4 Ibs. of the stro- biles deprived of it. They should be of a clear bright color, free from greenish particles, but full of hard seeds and lupuline, and become sticky with the heat of the hand. Being greatly injured by dampness, the presence of a crust thereby produced should be particularly looked for. The essential properties of the hop, its bitterness and fragrance, appear to reside in the lupuline; this was for a long time suppo- sed to be the pollen of the hop, but it is found only on the pistillate catkins, and consists of peculiar glands attached to the base of the scales; their appearance when magnified is shown in the engraving. This substance was noticed by Sir J. E. Smith of England and M. Planche of France, and its properties were in- vestigated by Dr. A. W. Ives of New York. When hops are shaken in a coarse bag a fine yellow powder passes through, which is shown to be of a resinous character by its agglutinating under a moderate heat, and burning with a white flame. Dr. Ives call- ed this substance lupuline, but this name is more properly applicable to the bitter prin- ciple it contains. In 120 grains he found 5 Lupuline Grains, highly magnified. of tannin, 10 of extractive, 11 of bitter prin- ciple, 12 of wax, 36 of resin, and 46 of lignine. A volatile oil also has been separated by Pa- yen and Chevallier, by distillation of the lupu- line. This oil is yellowish, and has an acrid taste with the odor of hops. The oil and the bitter principle impart the virtues of the hops to water and alcohol. The separation of the resinous powder and its use in commerce in- stead of the hops was strongly recommended by Dr. Ives, on the score of economy in saving transportation, handling of bulky materials, and absorption of wort. Besides their use for preserving and flavoring malt liquors, hops have a reputation in medical practice as a tonic. Their efficacy depends both upon the bitter principle and, to a less degree, the vol- atile oil. The effect of the former is chiefly obtained from malt liquors, where it is of course much modified by the alcohol and other constituents. The tincture of hops and tincture of liipuline are preparations in which the alco- hol they contain is more active than the hops. The narcotic and sedative effects of hops and Inpuline are very slight, and to be obtained chiefly from large doses of the latter prepara- tion. A hop pillow is however sometimes used to promote sleep, and hop poultices and fomentations are occasionally employed. It is very probable, however, that any supposed specific effect from the hops is largely due to the imagination. Pills of lupuline may be prepared by rubbing the powder in a warm mortar until it becomes plastic, and then work- ing it into pills ; these may be given in doses of 6 to 12 grains. In hop-growing countries the young shoots are often blanched by cov- ering with earth, and are highly esteemed as a table delicacy, being prepared like asparagus. The fibres of the vine are strong and flexible, and have been woven into coarse cloth, which served for the sacks in which the hops are car- ried to market. Hop vines are one of the many substances that have recently been pro- posed as a stock for paper makers. The pro- duction of hops in the United States has in- creased from 3,497,029 Ibs. in 1850 to 10,991,- 996 Ibs. in 1860, and 25,456,669 in 1870. Of the last amount, New York produced 17,558,- 681 Ibs., Wisconsin 4,630,155, Michigan 828,- 269, California 625,064, and Vermont 527,927. In 1872 there were under cultivation in Great Britain and Ireland 61,927 acres of hops. The imports for that year amounted to 135,965 cwts., valued at 679,276, of which 66,930 cwts., worth 297,034, were from Belgium, and 36,612 cwts., valued at 221,617, from Germany. HOPE. I. Thomas, an English author, born about 1770, died Feb. 3, 1831. He inherited a large fortune, and at the age of 18 started on a tour in Europe and the East. After an absence of eight years he returned to London, and purchased a house which he remodelled and furnished according to ideas formed on his travels. A distinguishing feature was the long galleries and the series of cabinets stored with pictures, statuary, and objects of art and mrtti. In 1807 he published " Household Furniture and External Decorations," with 60 plates, in which a full description of his own establishment is given, with hints for the dec- oration of houses. In 1 809 appeared his " Cos- tume of the Ancients " (2 vols. 8vo ; 3d ed. with additions, 1841), a magnificent work, con- taining 321 plates, followed in 1812 by "De- signs of Modern Costume." In 1819 he pub- lished a novel, "Anastasius, or Memoirs of a Modern Greek, written at the close of the 18th Century." This was at the time attributed to Byron, and created a great sensation, but is now seldom read. Shortly after his death two posthumous works were published : " Essay on the Origin and Prospects of Man " (3 vols., 1831), and a "Historical Essay on Architec- ture " (2 vols., 1837), which has passed through several editions. He was a liberal patron of art, being the first to discover and appreciate the genius of Thorwaldsen, who executed for him his "Jason ;" and he collected one of the finest private galleries of pictures in Europe.
