314 NEW MADRID 166 sailing vessels, tonnage 9,524 ; 24 steamers, 10,935; and 1 barge, 165. The town contains several iron f ounderies, machine shops, planing mills, a woollen and silk factory, &c. It has NEWMAN five national banks, with an aggregate capital of $975,000; graded public schools, including two high schools ; a public library ; a daily and a weekly newspaper; and eleven churches. New London. New London was settled in 1649 by John Win- throp, son of the governor of Massachusetts. On Sept. 6, 1781, it was captured by a British force under Benedict Arnold, who set fire to the stores and shipping, and reduced the most valuable part of the town to ashes. They then attacked Fort Griswold at Groton, and massa- cred the garrison after it had surrendered. Fort Trumbull, not being tenable, as it was much exposed on the land side, had been evacuated. NEW MADRID, a S. E. county of Missouri, bordering on the Mississippi river, by which it is separated from Kentucky and Tennessee, and intersected by White river ; area, 880 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 6,357, of whom 1,425 were colored. The surface is low and level, and in some places very productive. The remarkable earthquakes of 1811-'12 (see EARTHQUAKE, vol. vi., p. 361) severely injured this region, leaving a large portion of the land, now known as the " sunk country," under water. Various efforts have been made to reclaim the land. The county is intersected by the Cairo and Fulton railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 3,990 bushels of wheat, 717,495 of In- dian corn, and 2,875 of oats. There were 1,150 horses, 1,031 mules and asses, 1,744 milch cows, 699 working oxen, 2,064 other cattle, 465 sheep, and 13,172 swine. Capital, New Madrid. NEWMAN, Edward, an English naturalist, born at Hampstead, May 13, 1801. He was a print- er in London from 1840 to 1869, and published many popular scientific works. His " History of British Ferns" (1840), and "The Insect Hunters, or Entomology in Verse" (1858), have passed through several editions. Among his subsequent works are "Illustrated Natu- ral History of British Moths " (1869), and " of British Butterflies" (1871). NEWMAN. I. John Henry, an English clergy- man, born in London, Feb. 21, 1801. He grad- uated at Trinity college, Oxford, in 1820, was elected a fellow of Oriel college in 1822, and there assisted Dr. Whately in preparing for publication the "Dialogues on Logic." He was ordained in 1824, in 1825 became vice principal of Alban Hall under Dr. Whately, and in 1826 a tutor of Oriel. He was ap- pointed public examiner in 1827, and vicar of St. Mary's in 1828. In 1829 he opposed the reelection of Sir Robert Peel as member for the university of Oxford, because of that states- man's advocacy of Catholic emancipation. In 1830 he was chosen one of the select univer- sity preachers, and at the invitation of Hugh Rose began to write a history of the principal church councils, the first portion of which was published in 1833 under the title of "The Arians of the Fourth Century." Meanwhile the reform measures of. Earl Grey, and the spread in England of German anti-dogmatic liberalism, gave rise to a strong conservative opposition in the English church, which New- man joined with the purpose of forming an Anglo-Catholic party. In December, 1832, he went to Italy with Hurrell Froude, and with him began in Rome the "Lyra Apostolica," which appeared monthly in the " British Mag- azine." Falling sick in Sicily, he returned to England in July, 1833. Soon after his ar- rival what is known as the " Oxford move- ment " was inaugurated by John Keble's ser- mon entitled "National Apostasy." Newman, finding that his associates differed widely as to the way of opposing liberalism and neutral- izing the tendencies toward Rome, began the series called "Tracts for the Times," and a series of letters in the " Record " under the
