28 MtfHLHAUSEN has considerably increased by immigration from Germany. It consists of an old and a new town, the former on an island, the latter on the right bank of the 111. Since the beginning of the present century it has been an impor- tant seat of industry. Cotton printing was introduced here about the middle of the 18th century, and is largely carried on ; and re- cently the manufacture of woollen goods has assumed great importance. The town with its territory once formed part of the Swiss con- federation, but was united to France in 1798. It was occupied by the Germans in Septem- ber, 1870, and by the treaty of May, 1871, was ceded to Germany. MUHLHAUSM, a town of Prussia, in the prov- ince of Saxony, on the Unstrutt, 29 m. N. W. of Erfurt; pop. in 1871, 19,516. It has a gymnasium, 14 churches, three hospitals, and an orphan asylum. The principal manufac- tures are linens, woollens, leather, and tobac- co. It is surrounded by walls, and was for- merly a free city of the empire. It is mem- orable as the headquarters of Miinzer, the leader of the peasants' war, and the scene of his execution in 1525. MUHLHEIM-ON-THE-RfflNE, a town of Rhe- nish Prussia, on the Cologne and Minden rail- way, 2 m. N. of Cologne ; pop. in 1871, 13,511. It has a Catholic and two Protestant church- es, a synagogue and a pro-gymnasium. The industry is very flourishing; the chief manu- factures are velvet, silk, and leather. There are also numerous mills, and a brisk trade by river and railway. Its prosperity dates from the beginning of the 17th century, when some Protestant emigrants from Cologne settled here. MUHLHEIM-ON-THE-RUHR, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 35 m. N. of Cologne; pop. in 1871, 14,267. It has a Catholic and a Protestant church, a Realschule, and a school of weaving. There are important manufactories of woollen and linen cloth, of paper, tobacco, soap, and starch, and a large cotton mill. Many vessels are built here for the navigation of the Rhine and the Ruhr, which here becomes navigable and is crossed by a chain bridge. An impor- tant trade is carried on in coal, large quanti- ties of which are shipped to Holland, and in building materials. MUIR, John, a British orientalist, born in Glasgow in 1810. He was educated in the uni- versity of Glasgow and in the school of the East India company at Haileybury, and was employed in the civil service in British India from 1828 to 1853. He gave 5,000 to the university of Edinburgh for the endowment of a chair of Sanskrit and comparative philolo- gy, and has greatly promoted the diffusion of Christianity among the Hindoos. His principal work is " Original Sanskrit Texts on the Ori- gin and History of the People of India, their Religion and Institutions" (5 vols., London 1858-'70).-^His brother, Sir WILLIAM MUIR (born in 1819), became governor of the North- western Provinces of India in 1868. MULBERRY MULATTO. See NEGRO. MULBERRY, a name, the derivation of which is obscurely traced to morus, the Latin name of a genus of trees which some botanists place in a division of the nettle family (urticacew}, while others make an order morem for this, the fig, the breadfruit, and a few other related genera. The mulberries are trees with round- ed leaves, a milky juice, and monoecious or dioecious flowers in small axillary spikes ; the flowers are apetalous, the sterile consisting of a four-parted calyx and four stamens ; the fertile with a similar calyx and a two-celled ovary with two styles ; in ripening, one of the cells of the ovary disappears, and the fruit proper is one-seeded ; it is surrounded by the calyx, which in ripening becomes fleshy and berry-like, and the whole fertile spike, crowd- ed with the ripened calices, becomes edible. The red mulberry (M. rubra) is found from New England southward ; it is usually a small tree 15 to 30 ft. high, but in some localities it reaches 60 or 70 ft., forming a handsome head ; its leaves are heart-ovate, serrate, rough above, downy beneath, and on young shoots often lobed; the flowers are frequently dioecious; the fruit is about an inch long, dark purple, and pleasant to the taste. This native species has been singularly neglected; it is a hand- some ornamental tree, and produces an accept- able fruit, which, to judge from what has been done with other species, may be greatly im- proved ; but its chief value is in the excellent quality of its timber, which is of a yellowish color, strong, compact, and regarded as equal in durability to that of the locust ; it is used in ship building as a substitute for locust in treenails, and for the light timbers of vessels and boats, for which use it is in the southern Black Mulberry (Morus nigra). states preferred to any wood except the red cedar. The black mulberry (M. nigra), prob- ably originally from Persia, has been known from very early times, and it is believed that
