40 MtfNCH-BELLINGHAUSEN MUNCH-BELLINGHArSEN, FJigins Franz Joseph von. baron, a German dramatist, known by his pseudonyme of Friedrich Halm, born in Cra- cow, April 2, 1806, died in Vienna, May 21, 1871. His first drama, Griseldw (Vienna, 1834), was well received. Of the succeeding ones, the most celebrated are Der Sohn der Wild- niss (1842 ; translated into English by Charles E. Anthon, New York, 1848, under the title of "The Son of the Wilderness," but fre- quently performed on the American stage under that of " Ingomar the Barbarian "), and Der Fechter von Ravenna (1854). Among his later works is a drama entitled Ipfiigenie in Delphi, in imitation of Goethe's Iphigenie, and a play written for the Schiller festival in 1859 entitled Vor Tiundert Jahren. He pub- lished a volume of poetry (1850), a work on ancient Spanish plays (1852), and an edition of his works (8 vols., 1857-'64). In 1861 he was made member for life of the Austrian house of lords. For several years he was first keeper of the imperial library, and from 1867 to 1870 director of the court theatre in Vienna. MUXCIIIIAl'SEX, Hieronymns Karl Friedrich von, baron, a German soldier, born at Bodenwerder, Hanover, in 1720, died there in 1797. He served in his youth as a cavalry officer in the Kussian army, and passed his latter days in Hanover. He delighted in telling wonderful stories of his adventures in the campaign against the Turks in 173 7-' 9, which gained for him the reputation of being one of the great- est liars who ever lived. The stories were re- peated from one end of the country to the other, and created universal merriment. They are said to have been first compiled by Ru- dolf Erich Raspe, a man of letters, who, being compelled to flee from Cassel to England on account of a charge of embezzlement, was engaged in London in literary pursuits, and is generally believed to have published anony- mously an English edition of the stories under the title of " Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Rus- sia" (London, 1785). A second edition, con-- siderably enlarged and ornamented with views from the baron's drawings, was published at Oxford in 1786, under the 'title of " The Singu- lar Travels, Campaigns, Voyages, and Sport- ing Adventures of Baron Munnikhousen, com- monly pronounced Munchausen ; as he relates them over a bottle when surrounded by his friends." A third edition (London, 1786) bore the additional title of " Gulliver Revived," and was soon followed by others. The work was first issued in a German form in 1787, under the auspices of the poet Burger. A German edition of this famous work, entitled Des Freiherrn von Munchhausen wunderlare Reisen und Abenteuer (Gottingen and Berlin, 1849), contains an introduction by Adolf Ellis- sen upon the life and writings of the author, the sources and originals of the Miinchhausens, and the literature of fictitious travels in gen- eral. But a large proportion of the hunting MUNDT stories in this edition are derived from Hen- ry Bebel's Facetice (Strasburg, 1508), while other incidents are borrowed from Casti- glione's Cortegiano and Bildermann's Utopia, which are included in Lange's Delicia Acade- mics (Heilbronn, 1765). A free German ver- sion of the English edition appeared in Leip- sic in 1846, under the title of Munchhausens Lugenabenteuer. The work still maintains its popularity in Germany as well as in England and the United States. Imitations of Miinch- hausen's stories are called in Germany Munch- hausiaden. The success of the work gave rise to Immermann's celebrated novel Munchhau- sen (4 vols., 2d ed., Dtisseldorf, 1841), and to Adolf Schrodter's picture representing the baron surrounded by his listeners. MUNDT. I. Theodor, a German author, born in Potsdam, Sept. 19, 1808, died in Berlin, May 30, 1861. He was educated in Berlin and Leipsic, and became prominent among the young Germany school of writers and poli- ticians. His liberalism giving umbrage to the government, he travelled in various parts of Europe, and was permitted to teach at the university of Berlin after his return in 1839. In 1848 he was appointed professor of general literature and history at Breslau, and in 1850 he became director of the library of the Berlin university. Among his earliest writings was Madonna, oder UnterJialtungen mit einer Hei- ligen (Leipsic, 1834) ; its morbid though poet- ical views of life are said to have prompted Charlotte Stieglitz to commit suicide from de- votion to her husband, whom she hoped to di- vert from his varied troubles by the greater sorrow caused by her death. (See STIEGLITZ, HEINEIOH.) Mundt edited her writings under the title Charlotte Stieglitz, ein DenTcmal (Ber- lin, 1835). Among his subsequent works are a series of novels, including Thomas Munzer (Altona, 1841), and Carmola, oder die Wieder- taufe (Hanover, 1844) ; Mendoza, oder der Vo- ter der Schelme (Berlin, 1847) ; and Die Mata- dore (Leipsic, 1850). He also published Spa- ziergange und Weltfahrten (Altona, 1838-'40), Volkerschau auf Reisen (Stuttgart, 1840), and other sketches of travels, and a delineation of the character of Knebel in the edition of that author's posthumous works which he prepared in concert with Varnhagen von Ense. Among his other productions are Kunst der deutschen Prosa; Allgemeine Literaturgeschichte, in con- tinuation of that of Schlegel; Dramaturgic; Oeschichte der Literatur der Gegenwart, &c. His Oeschichte der Gesellschaft (1844) was fol- lowed by a Geschichte der deutschen Stande (1854) ; and he published in 1851 a work on Machiavelli. In 1844 he began the publica- tion of an edition of Luther's political works. His last work, Rom und Neapel, appeared in 1860. H. Rlara (MULLER), best known by her pseudonyme of LUISE MUHLBACH, a German novelist, wife of the preceding, born in Neu- Brandenburg, Jan. 2, 1814, died in Berlin, Sept. 27, 1873. She was married in 1839, and
