520 NOTTINGHAM NOVARA of Edward II. it became the residence of Queen Isabella and her paramour the earl of March. Several parliaments were held here. In 1485 Richard III. marched from Nottingham, where he had assembled his forces, to the battle of Bosworth field. In the civil war Charles I. set up his standard in Nottingham in 1642, but the place fell in 1643. NOTTINGHAM, Earl of. See HOWARD, CHARLES. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, or Notts, an inland coun- ty of England, bordering on the counties of York, Lincoln, Leicester, and Derby ; area, 822 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 319,956. The face of the country is generally level, with moderate undulations. The royal forest of Sherwood, the traditional scene of Robin Hood's exploits, was in this county, lying N. E. of Nottingham, and extending about 21 m. in length by a breadth varying between 7 and 9 m. A por- tion of this forest is still in existence, form- ing part of Earl Manvers's park at Thoresby, and called Birkland forest. All this tract, with the above and a few other trifling exceptions, has now been enclosed. The geological for- mation on which the county rests is the new red sandstone ; and red marl, and its varieties of sand, gravelly sand, and red and white sand- stone, constitute by far the greater part of the soil. Coal pits have been sunk to considerable depths in various places; the seams vary in thickness from 1 to 6 ft. ; the coal is inferior to that of Newcastle. Gypsum is extensively worked near Newark, and a very good yel- lowish freestone for building and paving is ob- tained in various places; marl is also found throughout the county. The climate is healthy and comparatively dry. The principal crops are wheat, barley, oats, turnips, and clover. There are excellent market gardens and some good orchards near the principal towns. The river Trent, which has a course of about 60 m. through Nottinghamshire, is a broad navigable stream bordered by level lands. There are many canals and railways. The chief manu- factures are malt, paper, iron, ropes, candles, ale, earthenware, lace, and hosiery. The prin- cipal towns, besides Nottingham, the capital, are Newark, East Retf ord, Bingham, Mansfield, Southwell, and Worksop. NOTTOWAY, a S. E. county of Virginia, bounded S. by the Nottoway river ; area, about 300 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 9,291, of whom 7,050 were colored. The Richmond, Danville, and Petersburg, and the Atlantic, Mississippi, and Ohio railroads intersect it. The chief productions in 1870 were 37,907 bushels of wheat, 82,686 of Indian corn, 55,754 of oats, 653,296 Ibs. of tobacco, and 37,135 of but- ter. There were 466 horses, 760 milch cows, 1,140 other cattle, 903 sheep, and 2,898 swine. Capital, Nottoway Court House. NOTTOWA1S, a tribe of American Indians, one of the most southerly tribes of the Huron Iro- quois family, residing to the last on the river in Virginia bearing their name, and calling themselves Cherohakah. They preserved their independence and numbers later than the Pow- hatans, and at the end of the 1.7th century had 130 warriors. They appear in a Virginia trea- ty with the Five Nations in 1722, and in 1729 numbered 200. Their round-topped bark cab- ins were enclosed in a square palisade fort on the west bank of the river. Gov. Spottswood and others caused the sons of chiefs to be edu- cated, but all attempts to elevate them failed. Jefferson in 1781 said that there was not a male left. The reserve allotted to them con- tained 27,000 acres, but they cultivated very little. In 1822 only Edie Turner, recognized as queen, and two others spoke the language, whose vocabulary proves its connection with the Huron, Iroquois, and Susquehanna. NOUREDDIN (MALEK AL-ADEL NUR ED-DiN MAHMOUD), a Mohammedan ruler of Syria and Egypt, born in Damascus about 1116, died there in 1173 or 1174. He succeeded his father Zen- ghi, of the Atabek dynasty, in 1145, and made Aleppo his capital. Soon afterward he expel- led the Christians from Edessa, demolished the walls, and massacred the inhabitants. Subse- quently he invaded Antioch, and defeated and slew Prince Raymond. He was routed in the following year by Jocelin de Courtenay, but afterward captured that leader. The whole of northern Syria now fell into his hands. In 1154 the Damascenes, dreading an attack from Baldwin III., king of Jerusalem, sought the protection of Noureddin, who in 1156 entered Damascus, rebuilt and adorned it, and made it his capital. In 1159 the Greek emperor, Manuel Comnenus, formed an alliance with the Franks of Antioch against him, but was bought off, and Noureddin defeated and cap- tured Reginald de Chatillon, prince of Antioch. He now sent to Egypt an army under Shir- kuh to support the emir Shawer against his rival Ed-Dargam. Shawer, having gained the throne, formed an alliance with the Franks and drove Noureddin's troops out of Egypt. In a second expedition Skirkuh defeated the Franks, put Shawer to death, and ruled Egypt as the lieutenant of Noureddin, who received from the caliph of Bagdad the title of sultan and the direct investiture of Syria and Egypt. Mos- lems and Christians equally extol his character. NOURRISSON, Jean Felix, a French philosopher, born at Thiers in 1825. He became professor of philosophy at Clermont and in Paris, and in 1870 succeeded the duke de Broglie in the academy of moral and political sciences. A new chair of the history of modern philosophy was established for him, Jan. 1, 1874, at the college de France. His Tableau des progres de la pensee humaine depuis Thales jusqu'd Leibnitz (1858), La nature humaine (1865), and La philosophic de Saint Augustin (1865), re- ceived academical prizes. Among his other works are Les peres de VUJglise latine (1858), and De la liberte et du hasard (1870). NOVALIS. See HARDENBERG, FRIEDRIOH VON. NOVARA. I. A N. W. province of Italy, in Piedmont, bordering on Switzerland, bounded
