PAULDING 1869 was port admiral at Boston. He has published "Journal of a Cruise among the Isl- ands of the Pacific" (New York, 1831). PAULDING, James Klrke, an American author, born at Nine Partners, Dutchess co., N. Y., Aug. 22, 1779, died at Hyde Park in the same county, April 6, 1860. After a village school education and a course of self-instruction he removed about 1800 to New York, residing with his brother-in-law "William Irving. In conjunction with him and with Washington Irving he produced the series of " Salmagun- di" papers, which terminated with the 20th number, June 25, 1808 ; and as no division of the contributions was attempted, they were afterward incorporated in Irving's works. In 1814 he was made secretary to the board of navy commissioners ; subsequently for 12 years he was navy agent at New York ; and he was secretary of the navy from 1837 to 1841. His principal works are : " The Diverting History of John Bull and Brother Jonathan" and " The Lay of the Scotch Fiddle," a parody of " The Lay of the Last Minstrel" (1813) ; " The Backwoodsman" (1818), his longest and best poem; "Salmagundi" (1819), a second series wholly by himself; "A Sketch of Old Eng- land by a New England Man" (2 vols., 1822); " Koningsmarke, the Long Finne" (2 vols., 1823 ; 2d ed., 1835) ; " Old Times in the New World," and " John Bull in America, or the New Munchausen" (1824); "Merry tales of the Three Wise Men of Gotham" (1826); " The Book of St. Nicholas, a Series of Stories of the Old Dutch Settlers" (1827), purporting to be translated from the Dutch; "Tales of the Good Woman, by a Doubtful Gentleman" (1829) ; " Chronicles of the City of Gotham, from the Papers of a Retired Common Coun- cilman" (1830); "The Dutchman's Fireside" (1831), a tale of the old French war and the most successful of all his works ; " Westward Ho ! " (1832) ; a "Life of George Washington " (1835) ; " View of Slavery in the United States " (1836) ; "A Gift from Fairy Land" (1838), illustrated by Chapman ; " Affairs and Men of New Am- sterdam in the Times of Governor Peter Stuy- vesant" (1843) ; " The Old Continental, or the Price of Liberty" (1846); and "The Puritan and his Daughter" (1849). In 1847 he pub- lished a volume of "American Comedies" in conjunction with his son, William Irving Paul- ding, who has published the " Literary Life " of his father (1867), and a posthumous volume entitled " A Book of Vagaries," which is in- cluded in an edition of Paulding's " Select Works" (4 vols., 1867-'8). PAULI, Georg Reinhold, a German historian, born in Berlin, May 25, 1823. He studied at Berlin and Bonn, went to Great Britain in 1847 to pursue historical researches, and from 1849 to 1852 was private secretary of Baron Bun- sen in London. He became Docent at Bonn in 1855, and professor of history at Rostock in 1857, and at Tubingen in 1859. The objec- tion of the Wiirtemberg authorities against his PAULICIANS 177 strictures on their political course put an end to his connection with the latter university in 1866. In 1867 he received from the Prussian government the chair of history at Marburg, and in 1870 at Gottingen. His principal works are : Konig Alfred und seine Stellung in der GescUchte Englands (Berlin, 1851; English translation, edited by Thomas Wright, Lon- don, 1852 ; another, 1853) ; the continuation of Lappenberg's GescJiicJite von England from the 12th to the 16th century (vols. iii.-v., Gotha, 1853-'8); an edition of Gower's Confessio Amantis (3 vols., London, 1857) ; Bilder au8 Alt-England (Gotha, 1860; English transla- tion by E. C. Ott6, London, 1861) ; GescMchte England's seit den FriedensscJilussen wn 1814 und 1815 (2 vols., Leipsic, 1864-'7); Simon von Montfort, Graf wn Leicester, der Schopfer des Hauses der Gemeinen (Tubingen, 1867) ; and Aufsdtze zur englischen Geschichte (Leip- sic, 1869). PAULICIANS, a sect of eastern Christians, of obscure origin. It probably originated in the middle of the 7th century, its founder being Constantine, a Marcionite preacher of Mana- nalis, near Samosata on the Euphrates, who took the name of Sylvanus, as that of one of Paul's companions (Silas), and established the precedent, closely followed by the brethren of the sect, of assuming the names of those who were friends of the great apostle. After 27 years of labor, Constantine was put to death as a heretic (about 684). The officer Simeon, sent to put down the heresy, became a convert, took the name of Titus, assumed the leadership of the sect, and was in his turn, after three years of toil, burned at the stake. His suc- cessor was Paul, under whose sons, Timothy and Theodore, the sect was rent by schism, Timothy holding to the transmission of spirit- ual gifts by apostolic succession, which Theo- dore rejected. Timothy (whose proper name was Gegna3sius), having adroitly evaded the charges of heresy, continued his preaching for 30 years. On his death another schism arose. The sect had gradually increased and diffused itself, until it was found not only in Syria and Armenia, but in the provinces of Asia Minor. About the beginning of the 9th century the conversion of the Galatian Sergius by a Pauli- cian woman gave new life to the sect. Under the new name of Tychicus, he preached as an evangelist in every part of Asia Minor, imita- ting the apostle not only in his discourse, but in his manner of life. The Paulicians were now driven beyond the territories of the em- pire to find protection from the Saracens, and reprisals were made, until Sergius, though he had protested against this return of evil for evil, was in 835 assassinated by a fanatic named Izanio. Yet the sect continued to grow and spread. Under the empress Theodora, a new expedition was sent to exterminate them from Armenia, and 100,000 perished. About 970 the emperor John Zimisces transported a large number of the sect to Philippopolis in Thrace,
