PENNSYLVANIA 259 As a dairy state Pennsylvania ranked, accord- ing to the census of 1870, next to New York in the number of milch cows and the quantity of butter produced ; but in the quantity of milk sold it came after New York, Ohio, and Michi- gan, and it ranked tenth in the production of farm and eighth in factory cheese. The most important dairy counties were Berks, Brad- ford, Bucks, Chester, Crawford, Erie, Lancas- ter, Montgomery, Susquehanna, and York, in all of which the number of milch cows ranged from 20,000 to 35,000, and the amount of but- ter produced from 1,500,000 to 3,700,000 Ibs. According to the census of 1870, the mineral products of Pennsylvania were valued at nearly half of those of the entire United States. The extent of the mining industry was as follows : MINERALS. Number of estab- lishments. Hands employed. Capital invested. Value of products. Coal, anthracite . " bituminous Cooper 229 359 2 53,021 16,851 $50,986,785 16,974,918 80500 $38,436,745 13,921,069 7 ROO Iron ore Marble Nickel 186 6 1 4,886 86 48 4,548,026 226,000 60000 8,944,146 101,000 24,000 Petroleum Slate 2,148 28 4,070 782 9,249,283 1 502 339 18,0451967 fi1 R 990 Stone 126 i 114 782 425 878 879 7Anc. 1 400 400 000 285 555 Total 8086 81 215 $84,660 276 &76 20R 900 The amount of anthracite coal produced was 15,650,275 tons, and of bituminous coal 7,798,- 518 tons ; iron ore, 1,095,486 tons ; petroleum, 171,207,622 gallons. The most extensive and valuable coal mines in America are in Pennsyl- vania, The coal fields cover an area of 12,774 sq. m., including the anthracite basin of 470 sq. m. in eastern Pennsylvania. Of the 66 counties of the state, 24 in the S. E. part and Erie in the N. W. contain no coal. The an- thracite beds are chiefly in Dauphin, Schuyl- kill, Carbon, and Luzerne cos., and extend into Northumberland and Columbia cos. ; semi-an- thracite coal is found in Dauphin, Sullivan, and "Wyoming cos. Bradford, Lycoming, Tioga, Huntingdon, Bedford, and Fulton contain de- tached fields of semi-bituminous coal. Forty- one counties in the north and northwest pro- duce bituminous coal. In Mercer co. on the W. border are deposits of the most valuable coal in the United States. It is a species of semi- cannel coal, with a slaty structure and a dull, jet-black lustre, with a thickness of from 3 to 4 ft. It is known as block coal, and is special- ly adapted to the smelting of iron. The an- nual production is about 500,000 tons. (See ANTHRACITE, COAL, and COLLIEEY.) The num- ber of anthracite collieries in 1875 was 437 shafts, 91 ; slopes, 293; drifts and tunnels, 29o! The amount of anthracite coal annually mined in Pennsylvania down to 1871 is given under ANTHRACITE; the production since that date has been as follows : DISTRICTS. 1872. 1873. 1874. Schuylkill Tons. 5 010 908 Tons. 6 132 043 Tons. Northumberland Columbia . 1,391,827 844,220 1,404.070 qoq 741 1,874,245 Lykens Valley.... . 480 328 479 915 4.7ft 4ft 1 Wyoming 10 694,808 11 722*241 Lehigh. 4'llO 674 ^Vofi'ioR Total .. 22 082 265 22 828,178 o-J *1flQ4A Of this product, 18,932,265 tons were sent to market in 1872, 19,585,178 in 1873, and 18,537,- 888 in 1874, the remainder in each year being the estimated home consumption. The pro- duction of bituminous coal was 4,741,367 tons in 1872 and 5,059,769 in 1873. The entire pro- duction of coal in 1874 was 32,147,040 tons, including 21,631,118 of anthracite, 7,712,461 of bituminous, 2,303,461 of semi-bituminous, and 500,000 of block. Nearly half of the pig iron made in the United States is produced in Pennsylvania. The extent of this industry in this state and the United States is as follows : PARTICULARS. Number of stacks in 1872 " of tons (2,000 Ibs.) pro- duced in 1872 Number of stacks in 1878 " of tons produced in 1878.. " of stacks in blast Jan. 1, 1874 Whole number of stacks, July 1, 1874..., Pennsylvania. 248 1,401,497 262 1,889,573 166 United States. 612 2,854,558 410 673 Of the product of Pennsylvania in 1873, 913,- 085 tons were produced in anthracite, 430,634 in bituminous coal and coke, and 45,854 in charcoal furnaces. The manufacturing inter- ests of Pennsylvania are of the highest impor- tance. According to the census of 1870, the amount of capital invested in manufactures, and the number of establishments, were larger in Pennsylvania than in any other state, while the value of products was greater than in any other except New York. The following table of the leading industries makes a comparison between the values in Pennsylvania and in the United States of those products in which the former ranks above all other states : INDUSTRIES. No. of establish- ments. Hands employed. Capital. Wage.. Valne of materials. Value of products. Pennsyl- vania. United States. Agricultural implements 286 8,520 79 91 8,947 63 2,286 6,990 799 1,877 15,799 826 $3,887,949 2,219,785 1,212,800 1,640,807 6,875,948 2,118,985 $1,025,618 1,199,047 352,887 674,254 4,818,902 395,780 $1,278,805 1,775,502 6,087,864 1,919,981 6,932,726 1,100,167 $8,652,295 5,898,689 7,285,114 8,588,628 16,864,810 2,030,055 Blacksmithing 4i,828^296 Bleaching and dyeing Bookbinding Boots and shoes Brass founding and finishing: 6,855,756
