38 PANINI PANTHEON are covered with scales. The flesh of the pan- golins, which are probably the best protected of mammals against carnivora, is delicate and much prized by the natives of Africa. PANINI, a Sanskrit grammarian, probably of the 4th century B. 0., according to a passage in Vedic literature which speaks of him as a contemporary of King Nanda. Little is known of his history, for the biography found in the Kathdsaritsdyana, of the 12th century bears every mark of a fanciful composition. Of his celebrated grammar Max Miiller says : " It is the perfection of a merely empirical analysis of language, unsurpassed, nay, even unapproached, by anything in the grammatical literature of other nations." See Max Miiller, " History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature " (London, 1859); Goldstucker, "Panini, his Place in Sanskrit Literature " (London, 1860) ; and Benfey, Q-e- schichte der Sprachwissenschaft (Munich, 1869). PANIPCT, a town of British India, in the dis- trict and 60 m. N. N. W. of Delhi ; pop. about 23,000. It is in a fertile, well irrigated tract, is surrounded by an irregular line of walls, and has considerable trade. It contains many temples and several large and animated cara- vansaries. The adjacent plain has been the scene of several battles, the most important of which are the rout of Ibrahim by Baber in April, 1526, and the great battle between the Afghans and Mahrattas, in January, 1761, in which the latter were defeated and the way was prepared for British supremacy. (See IN- DIA, vol. ix., p. 209.) PANIZZI, Sir Anthony, librarian of the British museum, born at Brescello, in the duchy of Mo- dena, Sept. 16, 1797. He was educated at the university of Parma, which he left in 1818 and devoted himself to the practice of law. Hav- ing taken part in the Piedmontese revolution of 1821, he fled to England, and taught Italian at Liverpool. In 1828 he was called to the chair of Italian language and literature in Lon- don university, which he held three years. In 1831 he was chosen assistant librarian of the British museum, and in 1837 was appointed keeper of the printed books. During his super- intendency of 19 years in this department, through his influence the parliamentary grants for purchases were greatly augmented, and the number of books was more than doubled. In 1856 he succeeded Sir Henry Ellis as principal librarian. In 1866 he resigned, the govern- ment awarding him his full salary as a retiring pension, and in 1869 he was knighted. He has edited Boiardo's Orlando innamorato and the Orlando furioso of Ariosto (9 vols., London, 1830-'34), Boiardo's Sonetti e canzoni (1835), and Dante's Inferno (1860). PANJIM. See GOA, NEW. PANNONIA, a province of the Roman empire, bounded N. and E. by the Danube, which sepa- rated it from Germany and Dacia, S. by the Save (Savus), separating it from Illyria, and W. by the Julian Alps and Mt. Cetius (now Wie- ner Wald), separating it from Italy and Nori- cum. It thus embraced the Trans-Danubian circle of Hungary, the whole of Slavonia, and parts of Croatia, Carniola, Styria, and Lower Austria. The inhabitants, mostly of Illyrian race, were divided into numerous tribes, and are described as brave and warlike, but cruel and treacherous. The Romans, by whom they were conquered under Augustus, and recon- quered after a revolt and desperate struggle' during the same reign, not only kept strong garrisons, but also built numerous towns and fortresses in Pannonia, among which were Vindobona (now Vienna), ^Emona (Laybach), Taurunum (Sernlin), Sirmium on the Save, and Mursa (Eszek). A dangerous mutiny of the Pannonian legions was quelled by Drusus shortly after the death of Augustus. The province was subsequently divided into Upper and Lower Pannonia, the former being the western, and partly separated from the latter by the Arrabo (Raab). In the reign of Gale- rius a part of Lower Pannonia was erected into a province under the name of Valeria. The three provinces subsequently formed part of the Illyrian division of the empire. During the last period of the western empire Panno- nia was successively occupied by the Huns and the Ostrogoths, and after its fall by the Longo- bards and other barbarians. The name Pan- nonia is frequently used for Hungary by wri- ters of that country. PANOLA. I. A N. W. county of Mississippi, intersected by the Tallahatchie river; area, about 750 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 20,754, of whom 12,585 were colored. Its surface is generally level or rolling, and the soil fertile, especially in the low lands. The Mississippi and Tennes- see railroad passes through it. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 20,408 bushels of wheat, 390,767 of Indian corn, 36,531 of Irish and 58,395 of sweet potatoes, and 15,764 bales of cotton. There were 2,147 horses, 2,361 mules and asses, 3,085 milch cows, 6,137 other cattle, 2,952 sheep, and 17,385 swine. Capital, Pano- la. II. An E. county of Texas, bordering on Louisiana, intersected by the Sabine river and drained by its branches ; area, 750 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 10,119, of whom 3,727 were colored. It has a gently rolling surface covered with ex- tensive forests of pine, oak, walnut, ash, and hickory, and a fertile soil.. The chief produc- tions in 1870 were 306,665 bushels of Indian corn, 66,828 of sweet potatoes, 60,280 Ibs. of butter, and 9,367 bales of cotton. There were 1,739 horses, 1,174 mules and asses, 3,806 milch cows, 8,811 other cattle, 4,492 sheep, and 18,796 swine. Capital, Carthage. PANORMCS. See PALERMO. PANSY. See VIOLET. PANTHEISM. See PHILOSOPHY. PANTHEON (Gr. Trav, all, and 0e6g, a god) r literally, a temple dedicated to all the gods. The most famous structure of this kind is that in Rome, erected by M. Agrippa, the son-in- law of Augustus, 26 B. 0., and consecrated in 608 by Boniface IV. as a Christian church, un-
