522 PINDEMONTE PINE either formally repudiates or does not recount the quarrels between the divinities, and all sto- ries representing the gods as guilty of wicked acts. Although the odes were sung by a cho- rus, the poet was supposed to speak in the first person, and Pindar availed himself of this cir- cumstance to give advice to the victor, to de- fend himself against the attacks of enemies, and to assail rival poets. The editio princeps of Pindar was printed at the Aldine press of Venice (8vo, 1513), along with Oallimachus, Dionysius, and Lycophron. The best editions are those of August Bockh (2 vols. 4to, Leipsic, (1811-'21), containing a commentary and dis- sertations upon the music, metres, and lyric poetry of the Greeks, and of Mommsen (Ber- lin, 1864-' 6), who also translated the poems of Pindar. There are English translations by the Rev. H. F. Gary (London, 1833), F. A. Pa- ley (1869), and Myers (1875). See Villemain, Essai sur le genie de Pindar (Paris, 1859) ; Mommsen, Krifik, Exegese und Versabtheilung bei Pindar (Oldenburg, 1863) ; Camarda, Osser- vazioni alle parole di Pindaro (Messina, 1873) ; and Lehr, Die PindarscJiolien (Leipsic, 1874). PINDEMONTE. I. Ippolito, an Italian poet, born in Verona, Nov. 13, 1753, died there, Nov. 18, 1828. He was educated at the col- lege of Este and at Modena, travelled through France, Germany, HollaDd, and England, re- sided for a time in Malta and Sicily, and finally settled in Avesa near Verona. His chief works are: Poesie campestri (1785), to which, in a later edition, he added prose essays, making the title Prose e poesie campestri (1795) ; Ar- minio, a tragedy (1804); Sermoni (1805), sa- tires upon the follies of the times ; a transla- tion of the Odyssey into blank verse (part ap- pearing 1809, completed 1822) ; Epistole in versi (1819); and Elogi di letterati (1825-'6), a volume of literary biographies. II. Giovanni, elder brother of the preceding, born in Verona in 1751, died Jan. 23, 1812. During the Napo- leonic period he was a member of the legisla- tive body of the kingdom of Italy. He wrote many dramatic works, among them I Bacca- nali, and translated Ovid's Eemedia Amoris. His dramas were published as Componimenti teatrali (4 vols., Milan, 1804). PUVDCS, in ancient geography, a range of mountains in northern Greece, a part of which, properly so called, separated the provinces of Thessaly and Epirus. The name is also used in modern geography. (See GREECE, vol. viii., p. 186, and TURKEY.) PINE (Lat. p'mus the most numerous genus among coniferous trees, distinguished from all others by its foliage, which consists of needle- shaped leaves in clusters of two to five, sur- rounded at the base by some of the withered bud scales which form a sheath around them. Some authors include in the genus pinus the trees known as firs, spruces, hemlock spruces, cedars, larches, &c. (which most botanists place in separate genera), making so large a genus that these rank as subgenera ; in this case the j subgenus including the pines is characterized I by the arrangement of the leaves just referred I to. American botanists keep the genera dis- | tinct, and include in pinus only those which ! have the clustered leaves, a character accom- i panied by others of more botanical importance. | These needle-shaped leaves, which make up I the foliage of the pines, are not the first leaves j produced upon the stem ; if the young growth of a pine be examined, it will be found clothed with thin chaff-like scales, the primary leaves of the stem, from the axils of which appear the clusters of green, needle-like leaves, which are really suppressed branches, as may be seen Pine Flowers and Seed. 1. Staminate aments. 2. Anthers, front and rear view. 8. Pollen. 4. Pistillate ament. 5. Open pistil, the left-hand figure showing the back with attached bract, the other the front with ovules. 6. Eipe pistil or cone scale, with the ovules developed into seeds. 7. Seed. 8. Germinating embryo with several cotyledons. more distinctly in the larger clusters of the larch. When there are but two leaves in a cluster they are semi-cylindrical, and when there are three or more they are triangul The male catkins are clustered at the base the shoot of the season ; the flowers are duced to a single stamen, having a very short filament with its connective (or part of the filament to which the anther cells are attached) expanded to form a scale, and the sterile cat- kins really consist of numerous overlapping anthers, crowded on an axis ; the two anther cells open lengthwise and discharge an abun- dance of pollen, which consists of three uni- ted grains. The fertile or female catkins are immediately below the terminal bud, or lateral -L Cl ien 3
