POTTER II. Horatio, an American bishop, brother of the preceding, born in Beekman, Feb. 9, 1802. He graduated at Union college in 1826, and was ordained deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church in July, 1827, and priest the next year. In 1828 he became professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in Washington (now Trinity) college, Hartford, Conn., and in 1833 rector of St. Peter's church, Albany, N. Y. He received the degree of D. D. from Trinity col- lege in 1838; of LL. D. from Geneva college, N. Y., in 1856 ; and of D. 0. L. from the uni- versity of Oxford in 1860. On the death of Bishop Wainwright in 1854, Dr. Potter was chosen provisional bishop of the diocese of New York, and consecrated Nov. 22. By the death of Bishop B. T. Onderdonk, April 30, 1861, he became bishop of the diocese. POTTER, Hazard Arnold, an American surgeon, born in Potter township, Ontario (now Yates) co., N. Y., Dec. 21, 1810, died at Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 2, 1869. He graduated M. D. at Bow- doin college in 1835, and began practice in Rhode Island, but after a residence there of a few months returned to his native place. From 1853 till his death he resided in Geneva. In 1844 he trephined the spine for depressed fracture of the arches of the fifth and sixth vertebrae, and subsequently he performed the same operation four times, twice successfully. He performed ligature of the carotid artery five times, four times successfully, removed the upper jaw six and the lower five times, and successfully removed the fifth rib on the left side from the sternum to within 3 in. of the spine, for caries of the bone accompanied by abscess in the left hypochondrium. Dr. Potter was early convinced of the safety of operations within the abdominal cavity, and in 1843 performed gastrotomy for the relief of intussusception of the bowels, with perfect success. He removed fibrous tumors of the uterus from within the abdominal cavity five times, and successfully in three cases. He ex- tirpated by ovariotomy 22 ovarian tumors, 14 of them successfully, and in one of the sucess- ful cases both ovaries were removed at the same time. In another case, also successful, the operation was repeated upon the same patient twice with an interval of IV months. In a case of amputation at the hip joint re- ported in June, 1854, proceeding as if for amputation- at the upper third of the femur by flaps, he extended the external incision up to the trochanter major, and dissected out the head of the bone, by this method obtaining a large muscular stump for an artificial limb. He served as regimental surgeon of the 50th New York engineers in 1862. POTTER, John, an English prelate, born in Wakefield, Yorkshire, in 1674, died in Lam- beth, Oct. 10, 1747. He graduated at Univer- sity college, Oxford, in 1692, and in 1694 was chosen fellow of Lincoln college and took or- ders. His edition of Plutarch's De Audiendis Poetis was published in 1693, and his best POTTERY AND PORCELAIN known work, "Antiquities of Greece," in 1697-'8. He was made D. D. in 1706, soon after chaplain in ordinary to Queen Anne, and in 1708 regius professor of divinity and canon of Christ Church, Oxford. In 1715 he be- came bishop of Oxford, and in 1737 archbishop of Canterbury. His theological works were collected in three volumes (Oxford, 1753) POTTER, Louis Joseph Antoine de, a Belgian revolutionist, born in Bruges, April 26, 1786, died there, July 22, 1859. He spent his youth partly in Holland, partly in Germany, and lived from 1809 to 1811 in southern France, and in Italy till about 1824, when he returned to Brussels. He was one of the bitterest op- ponents of the Dutch government, and in 1828 was sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment and a fine of 1,000 florins. The people bore him in triumph to his prison, and he there wrote a pamphlet on " The Union of the Catholics and the Liberals." For other publications he was sentenced in April, 1830, to eight years' banish- ment. After the French revolution of July he took up his residence in Paris, and addressed a letter to the king of the Netherlands, ad- vising him to constitute Belgium a separate state. On the breaking out of the Belgian revolution in September he returned to Brus- sels, where he became a member of the pro- visional government, and urged the establish- lishment of a republic. After the dissolution of the provisional government he was obliged to flee to France, and took no further part in political affairs. The most important of his numerous works is his Histoire philosophique du Christianisme (8 vols., Paris, 1836-7; abridged ed., 2 vols., 1856). POTTER, Paul, a Dutch painter, born at Enk- huysen in 1625, died in Amsterdam, Jan. 15, 1 654. He studied under his father Pieter Pot- ter, and in his 15th year had so great a repu- tation that he could with difficulty supply his patrons. He was unrivalled in the painting of domestic animals, which he invariably studied from the life, making the landscape and other parts of the picture subordinate to them. Some of his best works were executed for Frederick Henry, prince of Orange. His death was the result of excessive application. His best pic- tures are small, exhibiting exquisite finish, a free handling, and brilliant effects of sunshine ; but some are life size. Of the latter class a notable example is the picture known as the "Young Bull," now in the museum of the Hague. Of his cabinet-sized pictures one of the finest is a landscape with cattle and figures in the possession of the marquis of Westmin- ster. Another picture representing four oxen in a meadow, which sold in 1750 for 25, was bought in 1815 by the emperor of Russia for 2,800. He executed admirable etchings. See Paul Potter, sa vie et ses ceuvres, by J. van Westeheene (the Hague, 1867). POTTERS' CLAY. See CLAY. POTTERY AND PORCELAIN. The history of pottery, if it could be written, would be as old
