474 RUSS RUSSELL inas fairy tale (1851) ; a notice of " Giotto and his Works" (1855), prepared for a col- lection of engraved outlines of the frescoes of that master, published by the Arundel soci- ety, of which Ruskin was one of the found- ers; "Elements of Drawing, in three Letters for Beginners" (1857), one of his most prac- tical and useful treatises; "Unto this Last," essays on political economy (1862); "Time and Tide, by Weare and Tyne," letters on the laws of work (1867); and "The Queen of the Air," a study of the Greek myths of cloud and storm (1869). He is the author of the illus- trative text in Turner's " Harbors of England," and of many contributions to the " Quarterly Review " and othei^periodicals, of which some of the more important are the reviews of Lord Lindsay's " Christian Art " and Eastlako's "History of Oil Painting," in the "London Quarterly," and a biographical notice of Samuel Prout in the "Art Journal." In January, 1871, he began a series of monthly letters to work- ing men, under the general title " Fors Clavi- gera," which are still continued (1875), and have beon gathered into volumes. Several vol- umes of selections from his works have ap- peared, the best of which are "Art Culture," a treatise ingeniously constructed from selected passages (published only in New York, 1872), and " Frondes Agrestes," readings from " Mod- ern Painters" (1875), with critical notes by himself. A series of articles on the " Poetry of Architecture," which appeared in a London magazine in 1837-'8, under the signature of " Kata Phusin," have been collected and added to his works, as he tacitly admits their author- ship. His latest publications are : "Mornings in Florence " (first part), " Proserpina, Studies of Wayside Flowers" (parts i. and ii.), "Love's Meinie," " Notes on some of the Pictures in the Exhibition of the Royal Academy," " Deu- calion," and "Val d'Arno" (1875). Besides his numerous writing*, he has engaged in or announced various schemes for the benefit of different classes of society. RUSS, .IVm Dealsoa, an American physician, born at Chebacco (now Essex), Mass., Sept. 1, 1801. He graduated at Yale college in 1823, studied medicine at home and in Europe, and began to practise in New York in 1826. In 1827 ho went to Greece with a cargo of sup- plies from Boston, and remained there three years, superintending for 15 months a hospital which he had established at Poros. After his return to New York he began at his own ex- pense, early in 1832, the instruction of six blind boys, and was appointed the same year super- intendent of the New York blind institution. "While here he invented a phonetic alphabet for the blind, consisting of 41 characters, sufficient- ly like the Roman letters to be read by any one, to which he added 22 prefixes, suffixes, &c. He also simplified the mathematical characters for the blind, using four instead of ten, and printed maps for them from raised designs, using wave lines for water, &c., instead of the plan of marking the boundaries with a cord. The maps, with some slight change, are still in use, but the figures have been superseded by Braille's system. (See BLIND.) The phonetic system of writing was never generally intro- duced. Dr. Russ took part in founding the New York prison association, of which he was successively the secretary and vice president. From 1851 to 1858 he was superintendent of the juvenile asylum. He has also been en- gaged in other philanthropic enterprises, among them a house of employment for women, es- pecially for those desirous of reforming from a vicious life, which was established in 1850 under the charge of his wife and daughter. RCSSELL. I. A S. W. county of Virginia, bordered S. E. by the Clinch mountains and intersected by Clinch river ; area, about 700 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 11,103, of whom 1,167 were colored. It has a mountainous surface and some good soil in the valleys, and con- tains iron ore, coal, and marble. The chief productions in 1870 were 40,985 bushels of wheat, 205,968 of Indian corn, 56,216 of oats, 17,282 Ibs. of tobacco, 27,100 of wool, 124,681 of butter, 4,040 of flax, 43,692 of maple su- gar, and 13,978 gallons of sorghum molasses. There were 2,251 horses, 2,874 milch cows, 7,448 other cattle, 13,113 sheep, and 7,964 swine. Capital, Lebanon. II. An E. county of Alabama, separated from Georgia by the Chattahoochee river, and drained by several tributaries of that stream ; area, about 550 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 21,636, of whom 15,690 were colored. The surface is undulating. The county contains productive tracts, sandy ridges, and barren plains. It is traversed by the Mo- bile and Girard railroad. The chief produc- tions in 1870 were 272,221 bushels of Indian corn, 26,770 of oats, 52,146 of sweet potatoes, and 20,796 bales of cotton. There were 824 horses, 2,410 mules and asses, 2,672 milch cows, 4,929 other cattle, and 6,540 swine. Capital, Seale's Station. III. A S. county of Kentucky, intersected by Cumberland river and drained by its branches ; area, about 225 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 5,809, of whom 293 were colored. It has a hilly surface and a soil fertile near the streams. The chief productions in 1870 were 13,027 bushels of wheat, 224,262 of Indian corn, 43,431 of oats, 89,484 Ibs. of tobacco, 15,189 of wool, 66,416 of butter, and 17,446 gallons of sorghum molasses. There were 1,499 horses, 3,709 cattle, 7,171 sheep, and 10,- 679 swine. Capital, Jamestown. IV. A W. central county of Kansas, intersected by the Saline and Smoky Hill rivers ; area, 900 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 156. It is traversed by the Kansas Pacific railroad. The surface is gener- ally level and the soil good. Capital, Russell. RUSSELL, an E. county of Ontario, Canada, bounded N. by the Ottawa river ; area, 686 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 18,344, of whom 7.745 were of Irish, 5,600 of French, 2,870 of Scotch, and 1,551 of English origin. It is drained by the Petite Nation river. Capital, L'Original.
