596 SANCHUNIATHON SANDAL WOOD the north. In the S. W. part of the county, here crossed by the Coast range, are exten- sive valleys having a delightful climate and a fertile* soil. The mountains contain an abun- dance of pine, cedar, hemlock, maple, &c. In this district are found gold, copper, tin, mar- ble, and alabaster, and silver mines are worked successfully. The largest stream is the Santa Ana, which flows into the Pacific. The chief productions in 1870 were 10,356 bushels of wheat, 12,250 of Indian corn, 51,906 of barley, 48,730 gallons of wine, 71,075 Ibs. of wool, 21,780 of butter, 7,000 of cheese, and 1,808 tons of hay. There were 970 horses, 622 milch cows, 2,498 other cattle, 18,121 sheep, and 1,066 swine; 2 manufactories of saddlery and harness, 1 flour mill, and 5 saw mills. SAN BERXARDINO, the capital, is situated in a fine valley, about 60 m. E. of Los Angeles; pop. in 1870, 8,064. The town is supplied with water by artesian wells, and the numer- ous fruit and ornamental trees give it a very beautiful appearance. The view of Mount San Bernardino, the loftiest peak of the Ooast range, is exceedingly grand. S VM III MA THO, or Sanrhoniathon, the name prefixed, as that of the author, to a history of Phoenicia and Egypt published by Herennius Philo of Byblus as a Greek translation from the Phoenician. Philo, a grammarian who flourished early in the 2d century A. D., rep- resents Sanchuniathon as a native of Berytus, and as having written in the time of Semira- mis, dedicating his work to Abibalus, a na- tional king of Berytus. Of this work a con- siderable fragment is preserved in Eusebius, who quoted Sanchuniathon in corroboration of certain Biblical statements which Porphyry had assailed. It is now, after much learned controversy, the belief of most critics that the so-called history of Sanchuniathon was originally written by Philo. Richard Cumber- land, bishop of Peterborough, translated the fragment from Eusebius, with copious chro- nological and historical notes (8vo, London, 1720). The Greek fragments still extant have been published by Orelli (Leipsic, 1826), and in Gary's " Ancient Fragments " (London, 1832). In 1837 Friedrich Wagenfeld pub- lished at Bremen what purported to be the entire Greek text of Philo's Sanchuniathon, but it proved to be a fabrication of the editor. SAN CRISTOBAL, a city of Mexico, capital of the state of Chiapas, 450 m. S. E. of the city of Mexico; pop. in 1869, 7,649. It is situated in a fertile and well cultivated valley, on the E. slope of the central mountain range, and has good streets and houses, the latter mostly of one story. Lead and iron abound in the surrounding country. The chief industries are cattle rearing, and the manufacture of coarse woollen and cotton stuffs and common earth- enware. The town was founded in 1528 under the name of Villa Real, and was successively called San Cristobal de los Llanos and Ciudad Real ; it received its present name in 1829. BANCROFT, William, an English prelate, born at Fresingfield, Suffolk, Jan. 13, 1616, died there, Nov. 24, 1693. He was educated at Emmanuel college, Cambridge, and became a fellow in 1642, but subsequently lost his fel- lowship by refusing to subscribe to the "Sol- emn League and Covenant." He was chosen one of the university preachers in 1660, was rector of Houghton-le-Spring, a prebendary of the cathedral of Durham, and in 1678 became archbishop of Canterbury. When James II. issued his declaration for liberty of conscience, and required the clergy to publish it, Bancroft refused, and with six other bishops presented a petition to the king against it. The seven prelates were committed to the tower on a charge of libel, but were acquitted. Sancroft refused to take the oath of allegiance to Wil- liam and Mary, and was deposed. He pub- lished some sermons, and " Letters to Mr. North " (afterward Sir Henry). His " Modern Policies and Practices," from Machiavelli and others, was published in 1757. SANCTUARY. See ASYLTTH. SAND, George. See DUUEVANT. SAND, Karl, a German political fanatic, born at Wunsiedel, in Franconia, Oct. 5, 1795, exe- cuted near Mannheim, May 20, 1820. After studying theology at the universities of Tubin- gen and Erlangen, he went in 1817 to that of Jena, where he joined the Teutonic society, a precursor of the Burschenschaften. He was an enthusiast in the cause of liberty, and con- ceived it to be his duty to destroy Kotzebue, whose writings and connection with the Rus- sian court had made him especially obnoxious to the German patriots. Having delivered a letter to him at his residence in Mannheim, March 23, 1819, while he was reading it Sand struck him thrice with a dagger, then went into the street, and kneeling down cried, " Long live my German fatherland," and stabbed him- self. His wound was not mortal, and on May 5, 1820, he was condemned to death. SANDAL WOOD (Sansk. chandana), the aro- matic wood of several species of tantalum (Pers. tandul), especially S. album, of the East Indies. The genus gives its name to a small famijy of apetalous, exogenous plants, compri- sing herbs, shrubs, and trees, most of which are parasitic by their roots, at least when young. Besides the above named species of santalum, others, in the Hawaiian and Feejee islands and Australia, furnish sandal wood, some of which finds its way into commerce. The Indian san- dal wood is a tree 20 to 80 ft. high, with a trunk 6 to 12 in. through ; it is rather local, being found most abundantly in Mysore, where the trees are a monopoly of the East India company, and can only be felled by the prop- er officers, and in Madras they are also under government control. Where there is no re- striction the trees soon become exterminated, but in the localities referred to the supply is kept up by new plantations. The trees reach their full size in 20 or 30 years ; after they are
