SAUNDEES SAUSSURE 643 SAVNDERS, an E. county of Nebraska, bound- ed N. and E. by the Platte river, and drained by Cottonwood creek and other streams ; area, about 750 sq. ra. ; pop. in 1875, 10,382. The Burlington and Missouri Eiver railroad touch- es the S. E. corner. The surface consists of rolling prairies, and the soil is very fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 55,652 bushels of wheat, 86,545 of Indian corn, 28,- 827 of oats, 15,273 of potatoes, 4,630 Ibs. of wool, 41,525 of butter, and 5,730 tons of hay. There were 800 horses, 583 milch cows, 1,842 cattle, 1,351 sheep, and 1,335 swine. Capi- tal, Ashland. SAUNDERS, Prince, a Haytian lawyer, born in Thetford, Vt., about 1775, died in Hayti, Feb. 12, 1839. He was a negro, taught col- ored schools in Colchester, Conn., and Boston, Mass., and in 1807 went to Hayti. Christophe sent him to England to procure teachers, books, and school apparatus. The resu-lt not being satisfactory, Saunders returned to the United States, where he studied divinity, and preached for some time to a congregation in Philadelphia. He then returned to Hayti, and was appointed attorney general of the repub- lic. He was the author of the criminal code of Hayti, and published several small works, including "Haytian Papers" (London, 1816). SAl'l)ERSO, Nicholas, an English mathema- tician, born at Thurleston, Yorkshire, in 1682, died April 19, 1739. Before he was a year old he lost his sight by the smallpox. He be- came acquainted with Greek and Latin while young, and was instructed by his father in the rudiments of mathematics, afterward received instruction in algebra and geometry, and at- tended an academy near Sheffield. In 1707 he established himself as a teacher of mathematics and optics at Cambridge, and in 1711 was ap- pointed on the recommendation of Sir Isaac Newton Lucasian professor of mathematics in Christ's college. He wrote " Elements of Al- gebra " (2 vols. 4to, 1740), and " The Method of Fluxions," including a commentary on some parts of Newton's Principia (8vo, 1756). He invented a method of performing arithmetical operations by touch. SAUPPE, Hermann, a German philologist, born at Wesenstein, Saxony, Dec. 9, 1809. He stud- ied in the universities of Leipsic and Zurich, and became professor in the latter in 1838. In 1845 he went to Weimar as director of the gymnasium, and in 1856 to Gottingen as pro- fessor of philology. He has edited many clas- sical works, and in conjunction with Haupt a collection of Latin and Greek authors with German notes. He also edited Don Carlos in the great edition of Schiller (1867 et seq.). SAl'RIAXS, an order of scaly reptiles, inclu- ding such as are popularly called lizards, skinks, monitors, geckos, iguanas, agamas, chame- leons, &c., and the extinct iguanodon, ichthyo- saurus, pterodactyl, and plesiosaurus. The ophisaurians, like the blindworm and amphis- bsena, have no limbs, and form the connecting links between lizards and serpents. The au- rians are all air-breathers, and the two lungs are about equally developed ; the young under- go no metamorphosis, and the eggs are cov- ered by a hard skin or shell ; a few are vivip- arous. (See LIZARD.) The anal aperture is transverse, and the dermal or external skeleton is not bony like that of the loricata or croco- dilians; the older writers, and some of the modern, place the crocodilians among saurians. This order is very numerous in genera and species, distributed most abundantly in tropi- cal regions, where they are largest and most active. In their movements they come near the mammals, among them being found those which creep, others which walk, or run, or climb, or swim, or dive, or burrow, or fly. Their important subdivisions are treated under the popular names. SAl UI, Jacques, a French Protestant clergy- man, born in Nimes, Jan. 6, 1677, died at the Hague, Dec. 30, 1730. His family went to Geneva after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. In '1694 he made a campaign in the English service as a cadet under Lord Gal- way, afterward served in Piedmont, and then returned to Geneva and studied theology. In 1701 he became pastor of the Walloon church in London. He remained there four years, and passed the rest of his life at the Hague, ac- quiring a great reputation as a preacher. His sermons, in several volumes, have appeared in many editions; a nearly complete translation of them has been published in German, and an abridged translation in English. Among his other works is Discours sur les etenements lea plus memordbles du Vieux et du Nouveau Tes- tament, called "Saurin's Bible" (2 vols. fol., illustrated, 1720, to which Eoques and Beau- sobre added 4 vols.). SAUROPSIDA, one of Huxley's three divisions of the vertebrates, embracing the birds and reptiles, characterized by absence of gills at any time of life, by skull jointed to spine by a single condyle, and by lower jaw of seve- ral pieces, united to the skull by an os quadra- turn, as distinguished from his division of ichthyopsida, including fishes and batrachians which have either permanent or deciduous gills. The affinities which justify the union of birds with reptiles are well seen in the fos- sil archaeopteryx. (See ARCH.EOPTERYX.) SAUSSURE, Horace Benedict de, a Swiss natu- ralist, born at Conches, near Geneva, Feb. 17, 1740, died in Geneva, Jan. 22, 1799. He studied botany under his father and his uncle Charles Bonnet, and under Haller, and became familiar with many sciences. From 1762 to 1786 he was professor of philosophy at Gene- va, and in 1798, after the incorporation of that city with France, of natural history at the cen- tral school of the department of Leman; and he founded the society of arts in Geneva. He made important researches in the Alps and other mountains, contrived the best kind of hygrometer or rather hygroscope, and perfect-
