G54 SAW FLY SAXE side, and smoky brown transparent wings. The male is very different, and is the C. Ame- ricana of Leach ; the body is longer and nar- rower 1 , without the spots on the sides. They appear from the last of May to the middle of June, the eggs . being deposited on the Ameri- can elm, whose leaves are eaten by the larvae ; these in August are nearly 2 in. long, thick- bodied, with 22 legs, rough skin, pale greenish yellow, with numerous transverse wrinkles and black dorsal stripe and spiracles ; when at rest they lie on the side in a spiral, and eject a watery fluid from lateral pores when disturbed ; they make a tough cocoon under dead leaves, in which they remain all winter, being trans- formed to chrysalids in spring. The fir saw fly (lophyrus abietis, Harris) is very destruc- tive in the larva state to the fir family in New England. The male is about } in. long and f in. in expanse of wings ; black above, brown below, the wings with changeable tints of reddish, green, and yellow ; the legs dirty yel- low ; antenna) like short black feathers curled inward on each edge. The female is -fa in. long and | in. in expanse ; yellowish brown above, with blackish stripe on each side of thorax ; dirty yellow below ; antennas short Fir Saw Fly (Lophyrus abletis). and tapering, 19-jointed, serrated on the out- side. They appear early in May, making slits for their eggs in the edges of the leaves ; the larva) come out in June and July, living in large swarms, curling the hind part of the body around the leaf while feeding, and throwing up the head and tail when disturbed ; they are about in. long, the head and anterior parts black ; body pale green with longitudinal stripes ; below yellowish ; they become almost yellow at last, and descend to the ground, where they make oblong grayish cocoons, -fg in. long, escaping in the spring by a lid at one end. The most effective means of destroying them is showering the trees with soap suds or a solution of whale-oil soap. A nearly allied species, L. pini (Latr.), is very destructive to the pine and fir in Europe ; the eggs are laid in slits in the leaves closed up by a viscid sub- stance which issues from the mouth ; whole forests in Germany have been stripped by the larva? ; among their enemies are insectivorous birds and mammals, like the woodpeckers, mice, and squirrels, and also ichneumon flies. The vine saw fly of the United States (telan- dria, viti&, Harris) is black, with red thorax above, and fore legs and under sides of all the legs yellowish white ; wings smoky ; the female J in. long, the male smaller. They lay eggs in the spring on the lower side of the terminal leaves of the vine, the larvse appear- ing in little swarms in July, feeding in com- pany and eating the leaves even to the stalk ; they are f in. long when full grown, the head and tip of tail black, the body lighfr green above with two rows of black dots on each ring, and yellowish below ; they make cells of earth lined with silk, and come out perfect insects in about two weeks, when they lay eggs for a second brood, which eat, go into the ground for the winter, and come out flies the next spring. The best remedies are dusting air-slacked lime on the vines or showering them with strong soap suds. An- other saw fly injurious to fruit trees will be noticed under SLUG WORM. SAWYER. I. Thomas Jefferson, an American clergyman, born in Reading, Windsor co., Vt., Jan. 9, 1804. He graduated at Middlebury college in 1829, studied for the ministry, and in 1830 took charge of a Universalist society in New York. In 1845 he became the princi- pal of the Clinton liberal institute, Oneida co., N. Y., and also taught classes in theology. In 1852 he resumed his former charge in New York, and soon afterward held a public de- bate with the Rev. Isaac Westcott, a Baptist clergyman, which was published under the title, " Discussion of the Doctrine of Univer- sal Salvation" (12mo, 1854). He aided in founding the theological school at Canton, N. Y., and in the establishment of Tufts college at Medford, Mass., in which since 18G9 he has been professor of theology. Harvard univer- sity conferred upon him the degree of D. D., and the Leipsic theological historical society has made him one of its members. II. Caro- line M. (FISHER), an American author, wife of the preceding, born in Newton, Mass., Dec. 8, 1812. Her contributions to the youth's de- partment of the " Christian Messenger " have been collected in a series of volumes. She has edited the " Rose of Sharon," a Univer- salist annual, and the " Boston Repository," a Universalist monthly magazine, published many poems, and made numerous translations from the French and German. SAXE, John Godfrey, an American author, born in Highgate, Franklin co., Vt., June 2, 1816. He graduated at Middlebury college in 1839, was admitted to the bar at St. Albans in 1843, and practised in his native county until March, 1850. From 1850 to 1856 he was editor and proprietor of the " Burlington Sentinel " news- paper, and in 1856 was state's attorney. In 1859 and 1860 he was the candidate of the democratic party of Vermont for governor. His published works include " Progress, a Sa- tire" (New York, 1846); "New Rape of the Lock" (1847); "The Proud Miss McBride" (1848); "The Times" (1840); "The Money King and other Poems" (1859) ; " Clever Sto-
