192 SOUTH CAROLINA east to Chattooga river on the west, is about 275 ra., and its greatest breadth from the mouth ,,f S:iv:mn:ih river on the south to the .North Carolina line on the north, about 210 m. ; area, about 34,000 sq. rn. It is bounded N. and N. L. by North Carolina, S. E. by the Atlantic ocean, ' ,^ ^ State Seal of South Carolina. and S. W. by Georgia, from which it is sepa- rated by the Savannah river and its upper branches. It is divided into 32 counties (called districts prior to 1868), viz. : Abbeville, Ai- ken, Anderson, Barnwell, Beaufort, Charles- ton, Chester, Chesterfield, Clarendon, Colle- ton, Darlington, Edgefield, Fairfield, George- town, Greenville, Horry, Kershaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lexington, Marion, Marlborough, Newberry, Oconee, Orangeburg, Pickens, Rich- land, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, Williams- burg, and York. The chief city is Charles- ton, which had 48,956 inhabitants in 1870 and 56,540 in 1875. Columbia (pop. in 1870, 9,298; in 1875, 14,449) is the capital. The chief towns having, according to the census of 1870, from 1,000 to 3,000 inhabitants are Abbe- ville, Greenville, Aiken, Georgetown, Newber- ry, Sumter, Beaufort, Anderson, Pickensville, Winnsborough, Spartanburg, and Camden. Other less important towns are Rock Hill, Cheraw, Cokesbury, Conwayborough, Edge- field, Greenwood, Lancaster, Marion, Pendle- ton, Walterboro, and Walhalla. The popula- tion of the state at decennial periods since 1790, according to the federal census, and in 1875 as reported by the state census, and its rank in the Union, have been as follows: YEARS. Whit*. Fm colowd. Slave. Aggwgate. Rank. 1790. I40.17S 1,801 I07.0H4 240078 7 L9656 1,186 146.151 B4&601 6 1810. 1664 196.866 415115 g 1820 j:7.ll" 5(12 741 g B 868,064 7,!i.'l 8,276 815.4(11 581.185 581898 9 11 UM.
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14 1860. uroi 1876.. . HM61 8Mi.7-.21 I'.'.'l 4 572,726 4<rj.4'iG 708,708 706,606 928,447 18 22 Included in the aggregate of 1860 were 88 In- dians, and in that of 1870 124 Indians and 1 Chinaman. Of the total population in 1870, 343,902 were males and 361,704 females ; 697,- 532 were of native and 8,074 of foreign birth. Of the natives, 678,708 were born in the state, 8,282 in North Carolina, 3,254 in Virginia and West Virginia, 2,874 in Georgia, and 945 in New York ; 246,066 persons born in the state were living in other parts of the United States. Of the foreigners, 3,262 were born in Ireland, 2,754 in Germany, 617 in England, and 310 in Scotland. The density of population was 20'75 to a square mile. There were 151,105 families, with an average of 4*67 persons to each, and 143,485 dwellings, with an average of 4'92 to each. There were 233,915 persons from 5 to 18 years of age, 120,150 males from 18 to 45, and 146,614 male citizens 21 years old and up- ward. The increase of population from 1860 to 1870 was -27 per cent. There were 265,892 persons 10 years old and over who could not read, and 290,379 unable to write; of the lat- ter, 55,167 were white and 235,164 colored, 187,246 males and 153,085 females, and 179,- 145 were 21 years old and over. The number of paupers supported during the year ending June 1, 1870, was 2,343, at a cost of $224,805. Of the total number (2,071) receiving support at the end of the year, 965 were white and 1,106 colored. The number of persons con- victed of crime during the year was 1,399. Of the 732 persons in prison at the end of the year, 148 were white and 584 colored. The state contained 451 blind, 212 deaf and dumb, 333 insane, and 465 idiotic. Of the total pop- ulation (503,763) 10 years old and over, there were engaged in all occupations 263,301; in agriculture, 206,654, of whom 163,528 were laborers and 42,546 farmers and planters; in professional and personal services, 34,383, in- cluding 553 clergymen, 16,214 domestic ser- vants, 10,654 laborers not specified, 387 law- yers, 789 physicians and surgeons, and 1,074 teachers not specified ; in trade and transporta- tion, 8,470 ; and in manufactures and mechan- ical and mining industries, 13,794. The total number of deaths from all causes was 7,380, being T05 per cent, of the entire population; from consumption, 657, there being 11-2 deaths from all causes to one from this disease. There were 255 deaths from cholera infantum, 273 from measles, 709 from pneumonia (or 10*4 deaths from all causes to one from this dis- ease), 367 from intermittent and remittent fevers, 515 from enteric fever, and 537 from diarrhoea, dysentery, and enteritis. The topog- raphy of the state resembles that of North Carolina and Georgia. The coast for about 100 m. inward is flat and sandy, with a light soil, covered by pitch-pine forests, traversed by sluggish streams, and interspersed with nu- merous swamps. This portion of the state is of alluvial formation. Beyond this plain is a belt of low sand hills called the middle coun- try, which is moderately productive. West of
