TERTIARIANS TERTULLIAST 663 ochrey color ; it is sometimes white. The isle of Skye breed is one of the most prized, and one of the ugliest. The terrier has an acute sense of smell, and is a good attendant on a pack of hounds, forcing foxes and other game from their coverts and dens ; it is a determined enemy of the weasel, badger, and rat families. The jaws are very powerful. The Scotch ter- rier has been known to kill 100 rats in a room in less than seven minutes. In England the terrier blood is visible in most of the sheep and cattle dogs ; but the most prized variety is the bull terrier, from a cross with the bulldog, the most determined, pugnacious, and savage of the dog tribe ; in this the ears are pointed, and the general characters are those of the bulldog ; it is usually white, with some black about the head. The turnspit is a cross of the terrier with larger and less pure breeds ; the body is long and heavy, with disproportionately short and generally crooked legs ; it is bold, vigilant, and spirited, and, though larger, is used in Eu- rope for the purposes of the terrier ; it is, when best, a cross with a hound ; it received its name from its being in old times employed to turn the spit in the kitchen, walking round in a kind of wheel. The C. vertagus of the an- cients, sometimes erroneously translated turn- spit, is the lurcher, a degenerate greyhound. TERTIARIMS (Fr. tierciare, from Lat. terti- arius, containing a third part), men or women belonging to the " third order " in any one of the monastic orders. The tertiariana, without living in cloistered communities, bind them- selves by simple vows to certain prayers and observances of the order. Such an organiza- tion of secular persons occurs for the first time in the history of the Premonstratensians, and another was connected with the order of the Templars. But it did not become generally known until Francis of Assisi, after founding the order of the Franciscans (the first order) and the order of the Poor Clares (second order), founded a third one for the numerous laymen who wished to conform themselves to the mode of life of the Franciscans as much as secular occupations would permit. When their num- ber increased, many of them resolved to adopt the common life, and thus the third regular order of Franciscans arose. (See FRANCIS- CANS, vol. vii., p. 425.) The example of the Franciscans was followed by the Dominicans, Augustinians, Carmelites, Servites, and other orders, all which have connected with them both tertiarians living in the world, and regu- lar tertiarians living in common. TERTULLIAN (QUINTUS SEPTIMIUS FLOEENS TERTULLIANUS), one of the early church fa- thers, born in Carthage about A. D. 150, died between 220 and 240. He was the son of a Roman centurion, became a lawyer, embraced Christianity about 190, and entered the Chris- tian priesthood. He preached at Carthage and probably at Rome, and became widely known by the publication of several controversial trea- tises, as well as his ascetic practices. About the year 202 he joined the Montanists, and at once became the champion of the sect, with which he remained until his death. The dif- ference between his works written before and those after he became a Montanist seems to be more a difference of spirit than of doctrine; and his writings are classed in authority with those of the other church fathers. He was the fearless champion of Christianity against Jews and pagans, and of catholic orthodoxy in the church. His Apologeticus has been called the first plea for religious liberty in Christian lit- erature, and is one of the best defences of Christianity and the Christians against their pagan adversaries. In his treatise " On the Testimony of the Soul" he unfolds the pro- found thought that Christianity is grounded in the nature of man, and meets its deepest wants. He led the way in ecclesiastical anthropology and soteriology, was the teacher of Cyprian, and the forerunner of Augustine. Among his controversial works are his books "Against the Gentiles," "Against the Jews," "Against Hermogenes " (showing that matter is not eternal, but created by God), "Against the Valentinians," " On the Prescription of Here- tics" (asserting vehemently that no doctrine contrary to the received faith had a claim to toleration from the church, or to appeal to the Scriptures, and contradicting the principles of his "Apology "), "Against Marcion," "Against Praxeas," " On the Soul," " On Baptism," " On the Flesh of "Christ," and " On the Resurrec- tion of the Body," in all of which he opposes growing errors, and seeks to show what is the true doctrine of the church. Among his prac- tical works belong the bok "On Penance;" that " On Prayer," which explains the Lord's prayer; "On Patience;" "To the Martyrs;" "On Theatrical Shows;" "On Idolatry," a casuistical discussion of the degree to which idol worship may be tolerated by Christians ; "On the Dress of Women," and on the "Veil- ing of Virgins," which teach that modesty and the hiding of the features are proper for women in the house of God; and the book "To his Wife," in which he proclaims his aversion to second marriages. His specially Montanist works are the " Exhortation to Chastity " and " On Monogamy," in which he carries to abso- lute prohibition the theory of the book " To his Wife ;" " On Chastity," which denies that those who are guilty of gross sins can be absolved ; " On Repentance ;" " On Fasting ;" " On the Soldier's Crown ;" and " On Flight," which in- sists that Christians ought not to flee from per- secutions. Tertullian's works are .written in a rude Punic Latin interlarded with African or old Latin idioms and phrases of Latinized Greek. His earlier works are said to have been written in Greek, but have come down only in Latin translations. The style of all is nervous, abrupt, often obscure, and vehement. The first collected edition is that by Beatus Rhenanus (fol., Basel, 1521). Among the numerous later editions are those by Semler (6 vols., Halle, 1770-'Y3), Leo-
