668 TEUCER TEUTONIC KNIGHTS in a public disputation at the university of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, defended several anti- theses. The students of Wittenberg, in their turn, burned 800 copies of the antitheses of Tetzel. Tetzel replied once more, in May, by a refutation of the sermon of Luther on indul- gences and grace, but seems to have had no longer any influence on public opinion. Among the latest biographers of Tetzel are Hoffmann, a Protestant (Lebembeschreibung ton Tetzel, Leipsic, 1844), and Grone, a Roman Catholic (Tetzel und Luther, oder Lebensgeschichte und Rechtfertigung des Ablasspredigera und Inqui- sitors Dr. Johann Tetzel, &c., Soest, 1853). TEUCEft (Gr. Tempos). L The first king of Troy, son of the river god Scamander by the nymph Ideea, after whom the Trojans are sometimes called Teucrians. II. A Grecian hero in the war against Troy, the son of Tela- nion, king of Salamis, and Hesione of Crete, and a stepbrother of Ajax. He was the best archer among the Greeks ; but on his return from Troy his father refused to receive him in Salamis because he had not avenged the death of Ajax nor brought back his body. He there- fore settled in the island of Cyprus, and found- ed there the city of Salamis. TEUFFEL, Wilhelm Sigisnmnd, a German philol- ogist, born in Ludwigsburg, Sept. 27, 1820. He studied at the university of Tiibingen, de- voted himself to the critical study of Horace, and published valuable papers on the works and times of that author. In 1845 he became editor of the Realen&yUopddie der classiscken Alterthumswissemehaft, begun by Pauly. In 1849 he was appointed professor of classical philology in Tubingen. He has especially studied the literary history of Greece and Rome, and of late also of Germany, and his various publications on single authors, as Ju- venal, Aristophanes, and ^Eschylus, were uni- versally received as important. His principal work, Oeachichte der romischen Literatur (2 yols., Leipsic, 1868-70), has been translated into several languages (London, 1874). TEITOBIRG FOREST, a mountain chain of Germany, partly in the principality of Lippe, partly in Prussia, extending, at first under the name of Egge, in a N. direction through the territory of Paderborn to Driburg, then N. W. toward Bielefeld and Halle, and terminating at the Bervergern, 5 m. E. of Rheine on the Ems. Its total extent is about 80 m. It reaches its highest point of more than 1,500 ft. near Horn in Lippe. According to Tacitus, the Ro- man legions of Varus were defeated (A. D. 9) in this mountain region, which he calls Teuto- burgiensis saltus, by Arminius, prince of the Cherusci, whose memory is celebrated as that of the liberator of Germany. (See ARMINIUS.) His colossal monument by Bandel was unveiled by the emperor of Germany, Aug. 16, 1875, amid national rejoicings, on the summit of the Grotenberg near Detmold. (See BANDEL.) TEITOMC KNIGHTS, or Knighte of the Hospital of St. Mary in Jerusalem, a powerful religious and military order which originated during the crusades. The hospital of St. Mary in Jerusalem, from which the order derives its canonical name, was founded soon after the capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders in 1099. A German merchant and his wife threw open their dwelling to the poor and sick of their own nation ; a chapel was afterward attached to the house by permission of the patriarch and dedicated to St. Mary. The establish- ment, to which the founder devoted all his wealth, was after its extension maintained by alms collected among the Germans ; and a number of distinguished persons also devoted their property and services to the same pur- pose, assuming a religious dress and binding themselves by monastic vows (1119), with the approbation of Pope Calixtus II. During the siege of Acre in 1189 charitable burghers of Bremen and Liibeck established a guild of hospitallers for German soldiers, whose num- bers were so great after the death of Frede- rick Barbarossa that the. merchants made tents with the sails of their vessels, and called to their assistance the brethren of St. Mary in Jerusalem. Both confraternities were then organized into one order by Duke Frederick of Swabia, who obtained the approbation of Pope Celestine III., Feb. 23, 1192. The new order retained the rule of St. Augustine adopted by the German brotherhood in Jeru- salem. None were at first admitted to mem- bership but Germans of noble birth; about 1221 half-knights or sergeants, as among the templars and hospitallers, were added, as well as priest-chaplains. The dress was black with a white mantle, upon which was a black cross with a silver edging. The order had an elec- tive grand master, who first dwelt at Jerusalem, then when Palestine fell into the hands of the Turks at Venice, and at the close of the 13th century at Marburg. Conrad, duke of Maso- via, called the Teutonic knights, then under the famous grand master Hermann of Salza, to his assistance about 1226, to repel the incur- sions of the heathen Prussians and Lithua- nians, and to help in spreading the gospel among them. He gave them the territory of Culm on the Vistula, and from this point they extended their conquests over the territory of Prussia, and with the aid of the knights sword-bearers over Courland and Livonia, ex- terminating the pagan inhabitants with, fire and sword. In 1309 the grand master fixed his seat at Marienburg. Possessing the richest and most commercial provinces of the north, the order became exceedingly powerful ; and at the beginning of the 15th century, when it had reached its greatest prosperity, its territory extended from the Oder to the gulf of Finland, and its yearly revenue was estimated at 800,- 000 marks. Nobles from all parts of Europe flocked to its banner. Internal dissensions, luxury, and unjust and oppressive acts threat- ened its decline from this period, and a con- flict with the Polish kings hastened it. In the
