706 TIIIERS him, in an essay read in 1862 before the acad- emy of inscriptions, as a martyr, and as the first historical scholar who had vindicated the rights of oppressed nationalities. His works include Lettres sur Vhistoire de France (1827 ; latest revised ed., 1859) ; Dix am d'etudes his- toriques (1834; 9th revised ed., 1857; English translation, " Historical Essays," 1845); Recits des temps merovingiens (1840; 8th ed., 1864; English translation, 1846); Recueil de monu- ments de Vhistoire du tiers etat, prepared under the direction of the government and with the assistance of several writers (vols. i. to iii., 1850 -'56) ; and Essai sur Vhistoire de la forma- tion et desprogres du tiers etat (1853; English translation by Francis B. Wells, 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1855). He prepared a complete edi- tion of his works (8 vols. 18mo, 1846-'7; new ed., 10 vols., 1856-'60). II. Amedee Simon Do- minique, a French historian, brother of the pre- ceding, born in Blois, Aug. 2, 1797, died in Paris, March 26, 1873. He was educated at the college of Blois, and in 1820 received an office in the ministry of marine. In 1828 he was for a short time professor of history at Besancon. At Guizot's recommendation he was appointed in 1830 prefect of the depart- ment of Haute-Saone. At the end of 1838 he entered the council of state, of which he was also a member during the second empire, and in 1860 was made a senator. He was less bril- liant but more judicious than his brother. His works include Histoire des Gaulois jusqu'd la domination romaine (3 vols., 1828; 6th ed., 1866) ; Histoire de la Gaule sous V administra- tion romaine (3 vols., 1840-'47) ; Histoire d'At- tila et de ses successeurs (2 vols., 1856; 3d ed., 1864); Recits et nouveaux recits de Vhistoire romaine (1860-'64); Tableau de V empire ro- main (1862); Saint Jerome: la societe chre- tienne a Rome et I 1 emigration romaine en Terre Sainte (2 vols., 1867) ; and Saint Jean Chrysos- tome et Vimperatrice Eudoxie: la societe chre- tienne en Orient (1872). His son, GILBERT AUGUSTIN, published in 1875 a historical drama entitled Aventures d'une dme en peine. TIIIERS, a town of Auvergne, France, in the department of Puy-de-D6me, on the Durolle, 23 m. E. N. E. of Clermont; pop. in 1872, 16,635. It has two interesting churches, and is chiefly noted for extensive manufactories of cutlery. Paper, playing cards, candles, rib- bons, and thread are also manufactured. TIIIERS, Lonis Adolphe, a French statesman, born in Marseilles, April 16, 1797. He was educated at the lyceum of Marseilles and the law school of Aix, where he practised at the bar from 1818 to 1821. He then followed Mignet to Paris, and wrote for the Constitu- tional and other journals. He became a fa- vorite of Laffitte and Talleyrand, and wrote Histoire de la revolution francaise (10 vols., 1823-'7 ; English translation with notes by F. Shoberl, 5 vols., London, 1838). In January, 1830, he, Mignet, and Carrel started the Na- tional, which promoted the change of dynas- ty effected by the revolution of the following July. Under Louis Philippe he became an official in the treasury and a member of the chamber of deputies. The ministry of finance was tendered to him, but he recommended Laffitte as its chief, though he virtually acted in that capacity, and retired with him, March 13, 1831. On joining Soult's cabinet, Oct. 11, 1832, as minister of the interior, he procured with Deutz the arrest (Nov. 6) of the duchess de Berry (see BERRY), and immediately left the department. This act he had deemed neces- sary for the pacification of the Vendee at the time when all the military resources V7ere needed for the relief of Antwerp in the inter- est of Belgian independence. Resuming office in December as minister of commerce and ag- riculture, he obtained large appropriations for public works. Early in 1834 he returned to the interior department, and quelled the bloody insurrections at Lyons and Paris. After min- isterial combinations which revealed his dis- agreement with Soult and Mole and his rivalry with Guizot, he finally retained his office under the duke de Broglie, and at the same time (De- cember) took his seat in the French academy. The attempt of Fieschi upon the king's life (July 28, 1835), from which he himself barely escaped, made him support the restrictive press and jury laws, known as the laws of Septem- ber. He resigned with the other ministers in January, 1836, on the rejection of the bill for the conversion of the rentes, but in February became premier and minister of foreign affairs. On Aug. 25 he retired, chiefly on account of the king's opposition to armed intervention in Spain. His successor Mol6 in vain tempted him in 1838 with the Russian mission, to get rid of his influence. He was reinstated as pre- mier March 1, 1840, and proposed the fortifi- cation of Paris and extraordinary armaments to prepare for war, in view of the compli- cations arising from Mehemet Ali's conflict with the sultan; but being again baffled by the king's "peace at any price" policy, he resigned, and was succeeded by Guizot, Oct. 29. He now began his Histoire du consulat et de V empire (20 vols., 1845-'62 ; English transla- tion by D. F. Campbell, London, 1845-'62), for which he visited England and examined the battle fields in Germany, Italy, and Spain. At the same time, as the recognized leader of the opposition, he advocated enlightened measures of education and progress, and opposed ultra- montane schemes and political corruption. He also denounced the right of search, and the excessive complacency toward England in the Pritchard question (see Du PETIT-THOITARS), and in adopting her objections against the in- corporation of Texas with the United States, on which occasion he deprecated alienation from the "great American nation, the harbin- ger of French liberty." Shortly before the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 he made withering attacks upon Louis Philippe's pusil- lanimity in foreign affairs, and favored politi-
