THOU of disease of the heart, just after he had taken his seat in the theatre. He was engaged until within a few hours of his death upon a bust of Luther, which was left unfinished. He was a man of much modesty, generosity, and amia- bility. As a sculptor of bass relief he sur- passed any of his contemporaries ; and some of his smaller works in this department, as the "Day" and "Night," modelled in 1815 at a single sitting, display a fertile vein of poetic imagination and executive refinement. In other works of the class he neglected the execution for the purpose of attaining vigor and strength. His entire collection of works of art, and the bulk of his large personal property, were be- queathed to the city of Copenhagen for estab- lishing and supporting the celebrated museum containing his mausoleum and marble or plas- ter copies of all his works, of which Hoist published 120 lithographs in his Musee Thor- valdsen (Copenhagen, 1851). Eugene Plon established in 1874 a Thorwaldsen museum at the Louvre. See Thieler's various works on Thorwaldsen, including his life collated from his autobiography (German, Leipsic, 1852-'6; English translation by the Rev. M. R. Barnard, London, 1865), and Eugene Plon's Thorvald- sen, sa vie et son csuvre (Paris, 1867; English translation by Mrs. Cashel Hoey, London, 1874, and by Miss I. M. Luyster, Boston, 1874). THOU, Jacques Angnste de (Lat. THUANUS), a French historian, born in Paris, Oct. 8, 1553, died May 7, 1617. He was the son of a first president of the parliament of Paris, studied law at home and in Italy, and was early en- gaged in diplomatic and judicial employments. In 1588 he was one of the deputies to the states general at Blois. He aided in effecting a rec- onciliation between Henry III. and Henry of Navarre, and went to Germany and Italy to procure men and money for them. Henry IV. appointed him grand master of the royal library, and in 1594 president d mortier of the parliament of Paris. He was one of the framers of the edict of Nantes, and sup- ported the rights of the Gallican church by preventing the adoption of several decrees of the council of Trent. On the death of Henry IV. he was appointed one of the directors of finance. His Historia sui Temporis (completed from his materials by Pere Dupuy and Nicolas Rigault in a 7th ed., 1620) embraces the period from 1543 to 1607, in 138 books. The only complete edition of his works is that of S. Buckley and T. Carte (7 vols. fol., London, 1733), including besides the above his auto- biography, letters, and various essays, with an appendix by Rigault continuing the history to the death of Henry IV. A French transla- tion appeared in 1734, in 16 vols. 4to, and a new edition of his autobiography in French, by Masson, in 1838. De Thou also left some Latin poems : Hieracosophion, sive de Be Ac- cipitraria Libri III. (4to, 1584) ; Poemata Sa- cra (12mo, 1599) ; and Posteritati, &c. (12mo, 1678). See " Life of Thuanus, with some Ac- THRACE 725 count of his Writings," by the Rev. John Col- linson (London, 1807), and Discours sur la me et les outrages de J. A. de Thou, by Philarete Chasles (Paris, 1824). His son, FRAKCOIS Au- GTJSTE, who succeeded him in the royal library, was a friend of Cinq-Mars, and was executed with him, Sept. 12, 1642. THOUARS. See Du PETIT-THOUARS. THRACE, in ancient geography, originally that part of modern Turkey in Europe lying between the Danube, the Black sea, the sea of Marmora, the Grecian archipelago, the Struma, and a line, not well defined, connecting that river with the Danube. In later times that part of Thrace which lay between the rivers Strymon (now Struma) and Nestus (Kara-su) was annexed to Macedonia by Philip, and the country N. of the Hjemus (Balkan) was made by the Romans a separate province under the name of Moesia. Thrace, in the narrowest sense, was bounded N. by the Hcemus, E. by the Euxine, S. E. and S. by the Thracian Bos- porus, the Propontis, the Hellespont, and the ^Egean sea, and W. by the Nestus. Two off- shoots of the Hasmus, the Rhodope (Despoto Dagh), E. of the Nestus, and a parallel range near the Euxine, traversed it in a S. E. di- rection. It was watered, besides the Nestus, by the Hebrus (Maritza) and its affluents the Artiscus (Tundja), Agrianes (Erkeneh), and others. The principal towns were Apollonia and Salmydessus on the Euxine; Byzantium (Constantinople) on the Bosporus; Selymbria and Perinthus or Heraclea (Erekli) on the Pro- pontis ; Callipolis (Gallipoli) and Sestos on the Hellespont, in the Thracian Chersonesus (pen- insula of Gallipoli); Lysimachia, ^Enos, Me- sembria, Maronea, and Abdera, on the ^Ege- an; and Philippopolis, Hadrianopolis (Adria- nople), and Trajanopolis, on the Hebrus. The towns on the coast were all Greek settlements. The district between the Strymon and Nestus, called Macedonia Adjecta, contained Neapolis, Philippi, and Amphipolis. In the times of He- rodotus and Thucydides, Thrace, in the wider sense, was peopled by numerous tribes, prob- ably Goths and Scythians, as Get, Treres, Odrysee, Triballi, Daci, and Mcesi. At an early period they seem to have greatly influenced the culture of the Greeks, especially their mythology and religious rites. They are de- scribed as powerful, warlike, and cruel. They worshipped deities identified with Mars, Bac- chus, and Diana, and had an oracle of Bacchus on a lofty summit of Rhodope. ^ Orpheus, Linus, Museeus, and Eumolpus are said to have been Thracians. We find fragments of the Thracian race also in parts of Asia Minor and central Greece. The Thracians are said to have been conquered by the Teucrians and Mysians. They were subdued by the Persians under Darius, but recovered their freedom after the reverses of Xerxes. Their most pow- erful native rulers were Sitalces, king of the Odrysffi, who fell in battle against the Triballi in 424 B. C., and his nephew Seuthes, after
