783 TODLEBEN (1861), "Researches on the Calculus of Va- riations" (1872), and "History of the Mathe- matical Theories of Attraction and the Fig- ure of the Earth, from the Time of Newton to that of Laplace" (2 vols., 1873). TODLEBEN, Franz Edoard, a Russian military engineer, born in Mitau, Courland, May 20, 1818. He was educated at the school of engi- neers in St. Petersburg, and after being em- ployed in that department he served in the Caucasus against Shamyl from 1848 to 1851, and against the Turks on the Danube in 1 853-'4. He displayed great genius in the defence of Sebastopol, and was wounded, June 20, 1855. Subsequently he was employed in strength- ening Nikolayev and Cronstadt. In 1860 he became chief of engineering in the war office, with the rank of general, and he is at the same time the adjunct of the grand duke Nicholas in the general direction of this service. His history of the defence of Sebastopol (St. Pe- tersburg, 1864) has been translated into sev- eral languages, and reviewed in a volume by William Howard Russell (London, 1864). TOFANA. See AQUA TOFANA. TOGRtL BEG. See SELJUKS. TORAT, or Toeat, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the vilayet and 55 m. N. N. W. of the city of Sivas, on the Yeshil Irmak (the ancient Iris) ; pop. estimated variously from 45,000 to 150,000. It has high limestone hills on three sides, and is commanded by two peaks which are almost perpendicular and consist of crys- talline marble. The houses are of mud or unburned bricks, but the town has a large and handsome Armenian church and several mosques. The manufactures consist chiefly of copper articles and hardware, woollen, lin- en, silk, cotton goods, and carpets ; and there are dyeing and calico-printing establishments. The inhabitants are chiefly Turks. TOKAY (Ilun. ToJcaj}, a town of N. Hun- gary, in the county of Zempl6n, at the junc- tion of the rivers Bodrog and Theiss, 117 m. E. N. E. of Pesth; pop. in 1870, 5,012. Sev- eral important fairs are held here annually. Tokay is celebrated for the wine produced in its vicinity. (See HUNGARY, WINES OF.) TOKIO (formerly YEDO), a city and the cap- ital of Japan, in the E. part of the main isl- and, at the head of the bay of Yedo, on the Sumidagawa, in lat. 35 40' N., Ion. 139 40' E. ; pop. in 1872, 779,361, including a garrison of 7,140 and 400 foreigners. The city is a combination of compactly built and densely inhabited districts, with intervening gardens and groves devoted to civil and religious uses, the whole covering nearly 60 sq. m., the area of the built up portion being about 28 sq. m., while one eighth of the whole is occupied by moats and canals. The centre of the city is the citadel, surrounded by stone walls and a moat, outside of which a second wall encloses about 3 sq. m. A third system of walls and moats encloses about 5 sq. m., formerly occu- pied by the residences of the daimios, but now TOLAND covered with' government buildings, colleges, schools, arsenals, barracks, founderies, steam mills, and factories. Outside, in the business and more densely populated portion, are miles of brick and stone buildings in the European style of architecture, and the shops are tilled with foreign wares. The streets are wide, regular, and clean. The city is abundantly supplied with water brought in wooden aque- ducts from the Tonegawa, 9 m. distant, and a part of it is lighted with gas. For police purposes it is divided into 6 principal and 06 smaller districts, with stations connected by telegraph and a uniformed force of 3,500 men. At the N. and S. ends of the city are the cem- eteries, filled with tombs and temples. There are 74l Shinto shrines, 2,179 Buddhist temples, and 4 Christian churches. The imperial uni- versity has in its different faculties nearly 100 foreign instructors. The language, normal, and elementary schools are attended by more than 60,000 pupils. There are several banks, and more than a dozen daily newspapers print- ed with metal type on improved presses, and native capital has established cotton, woollen, and paper mills driven by steam, while sew- ing, knitting, and other manual machines are very common. Hundreds of horse vehicles and over 20,000 jin-riTci-sha (man-power car- riages) make the streets lively. Places of amusement abound; actors, wrestlers, story tellers, and female minstrels are numerous. Foreign dress and manner of living have been largely adopted, and the place presents most of the characteristics of a modern European or American city. It is connected by tele- graph with Nagasaki, Hakodadi, and other cities. There is a railway to Yokohama, 18 m. distant, and a line has been surveyed to Kioto, 235 m. The shallow bay permits only junks and small steamboats to reach the city, and the foreign trade is limited. Yedo was laid out in 1591, when the walls of the present stronghold were built, and it soon became the military centre of the empire. In 1656 and 1854 earthquakes occasioned an immense loss of life and property ; and there have been many very destructive conflagrations, owing to the former combustible style of building and inefficient police. In 1861 the British and French legations were established here, but were soon driven away, and were not reestab- lished till 1865. It 1862 it ceased to be the compulsory residence of the daimios. In 1868 it became the residence of the mikado, and the name was changed to Tokio ("eastern capital"). On Jan. 1, 1869, the port was for- mally opened to foreign trade and residence. In the summer of 1871 the entire power of the empire was centred here. TOKOLYI, or Tokoli, Imrc. See HUNGAEY, vol. ix., p. 58. TOLAND, John, a British author, born near Londonderry, Ireland, in 1669 or 1670, died at Putney, near London, March 11, 1722. lie studied three years at the University of Glas-
