TOPFFEK TORF^US 799 purchased by the United States government for a public building, and a state asylum for the insane is in course of construction about 2 m. W. of the state house. The surrounding country is very fertile and contains deposits of coal. The trade of Topeka is large and rapidly increasing. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa F6 and the Kansas Pacific railroads afford communication with the east and with Colo- rado and Texas. The river furnishes good water power. The chief manufacturing estab- lishments are three flouring mills, a rolling mill, a foundery and machine shop, two brew- eries, a broom factory, and several manufac- tories of carriages and wagons,' and harness and saddlery. There are two national banks, two state banks, two loan and trust companies, and three building and savings associations. The public schools have accommodations for 2,000 pupils, and comprise a high school and seven schools of inferior grades. Other prom- state Capitol of Kansas. inent institutions of learning are Washburn college (Congregational), for both sexes; an Episcopal theological seminary; and the col- leges of the sisters of Bethany (Episcopal) and sisters of charity (Roman Catholic), for females. The Topeka library association has about 2,000 volumes. Three daily and four weekly newspapers are published. There are 23 religious societies, viz. : 3 Baptist, 1 Chris- tian, 3 Congregational, 1 Episcopal, 1 Jewish, 2 Lutheran (1 Swedish), 4 Methodist (1 Ger- man), 3 Presbyterian, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Spiritualist, 1 Unitarian, 1 United Brethren, and 1 Universalist. Topeka was laid out in 1854, incorporated as a city in 1857, and made the state capital in 1861. TOPFFER, Rudolphe, a Swiss novelist, born in Geneva, Feb. 17, 1799, died there, June 8, 1846. He began life as a landscape and genre painter, and subsequently became professor of ffisthet- ics at the academy of Geneva. His works in- 791 VOL. xv. 51 elude Le presbytere (Geneva, 1839 ; English translation, "The Parsonage," London, 1848); La bibliotheque de man oncle (1843); Rose et Gertrude (1845) ; Nouvelles genevoises (Paris, 1845); and Collection des Jiistoires en estampes (6 vols., French and German, Geneva, 1846). TOPHET, a spot in a fertile valley S. E. of ancient Jerusalem, called the valley (ge) of Hinnom, or of the children of Hinnom, and hence Gehenna in the New Testament, and watered by the brook Kedron. It was the place where the idolatrous Jews passed their children through the fire to Moloch. At a later period it was used as a spot to throw the garbage of the streets, the carcasses of beasts, and the dead bodies of men to whom burial had been refused ; and as a fire was kept con- stantly burning to consume all that was brought, the word was used metaphorically for hell. TOPLADY, Augustus Montague, an English cler- gyman, born in Farnham, Surrey, Nov. 4, 1740, died in London, Aug. 11, 1778. He was educated at Westminster school and Trinity col- lege, Dublin, took orders, and obtained the living of Broad Hembury in Devonshire. In 1775 ho removed to London and preached in a chapel in Leicester square. For several years he edited the "Gospel Magazine." His fame rests principal- ly upon his controver- sial writings against the Methodists, and a few hymns. He was the great champion of Calvinism in the. church of England. An edition of his works was issued in 1794 (6 vols. 8vo; last ed., with " Life," 1 vol. 8vo, 1869). TOPLITZ. See TEPLITZ. TORENO, Jose Maria Queypo de Llano Ruiz de Saravia, count of, a Spanish statesman, born in Oviedo, Nov. 26, 1786, died in Paris, Sept. 16, 1843. In the rising of the Spaniards against the French in 1808 he was sent to England to negotiate for assistance, was afterward repeat- edly a cabinet minister, and died in exile. He published ffistoria del levantamiento, guerra y revolution de Espana (5 vols., Madrid, 1835- 7 ; best ed., 4 vols. 8vo, 1848). TORFjEFS, or Tonnodns, the Latin name of Thormodr Torfason, an Icelandic scholar, born in Engo in 1636, died near Copenhagen in 1719. Frederick III. of Denmark in 1660 made him interpreter of Icelandic manuscripts, of which he made a collection in Iceland. In 1667 he was appointed keeper of the royal col- lection of antiquities, and in 1682 royal his- toriographer. Of his works, in which first ap- peared the northern sagas on the discovery of
