90 TYLER " Princeton Review" an article on " Balfour s Inquiry," which was followed by several phil- osophical articles, and a volume entitled "A Discourse of the Baconian Philosophy " (1844). He has also published " Burns as a Poet and as a Man" (New York, 1848); " The Progress of Philosophy in the Past and in the Future (1859; 2d ed., 1868); and a biography of Chief Justice Taney (1872). TYLER, William Seymour, an American lin- guist, born at Harford, Pa., Sept. 2, 1810. He graduated at Amherst college in 1830, and in 1831 became a classical teacher in Amherst academy. He afterward studied at Andover theological seminary, and was licensed to preach by the third presbytery of New York city in 1836 ; but, being elected professor of the Latin and Greek languages and literature in Amherst college about the same time, he was not or- dained till 22 years later. In 1847 the pro- fessorship of ancient languages was divided, Prof. Tyler retaining that of Greek. In 1855 he visited Europe and the East, and in 1869 Greece and Egypt. He has published "The Germania and Agricola of Tacitus " (New York, 1847); "The Histories of Tacitus" (1848); " Prize Essay on Prayer for Colleges" (1854) ; " Plato's Apology and Crito" (1859) ; a " Life of Dr. Henry Lobdell, Missionary at Mosul" (Boston, 1859) ; "Theology of the Greek Poets " (1867) ; " History of Amherst College " (Spring- field, Mass., 1873) ; " Demosthenes De Corona" (Boston, 1874) ; and " The Olynthiacs and Phi- lippics of Demosthenes" (1875) ; besides papers in the " Transactions of the American Philo- logical Association," and contributions to the "Biblical Repository," "Bibliotheca Sacra," " American Theological Review," &c. TYLOR, Edward Burnett, an English author, born in London, Oct. 2, 1832. He was edu- cated at the school of the society of Friends, Grove house, Tottenham, and in 1871 was elected a member of the royal society. He has published "Anahuac, or Mexico and the Mexicans, Ancient and Modern" (London, 1861) ; " Researches into the Early History of Mankind, and Development of Civilization" (1865); and "Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philoso- phy, Religion, Art, and Custom " (2 vols., 1871). TYMPANUM. See EAB. TYNDALE, William, an English reformer, born at North Nibley, Gloucestershire, about 1484, executed at Vilvoorden, in Brabant, Oct. 6, 1536. He was educated at Oxford and Cam- bridge, took orders, and was tutor and chap- lain in the house of Sir John Welch near Bris- tol. He sympathized with the reformation, and while in this family he translated the En- chiridion Militis, or "Soldier's Manual," of Erasmus into English. His boldness of speech induced suspicion, and he went to London, where he began his translation of the New Testament. He was soon compelled to flee again, and with the promise of an annuity of 10 from Alderman Munmouth, on condition TYNDALL of praying for the souls of the alderman's parents, he went to Hamburg, where for a year he gave himself to his work ; thence to Cologne, where the first ten sheets of his trans- lation were put to press ; and thence to Worms, where in 1525 two editions were published anonymously. They had speedy and wide cir- culation. The edict of the bishop of London, forbidding under heavy penalties their use or their possession, only increased the demand. Tyndale was lampooned by Sir Thomas More in seven books of elaborate abuse, and plots were laid to arrest him, which he foiled by removing in 1528 to Marburg, where he pub- lished his work on " The Obedience of a Chris- tian Man." In 1529 a fifth edition of the New Testament was printed ; and in 1580 appeared Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch. A new edition of the New Testament, revised and corrected, was issued at Antwerp in 1584, in which Tyndale avowed his responsibility for the work. At the instance of the English gov- ernment he was arrested at Antwerp, and after 18 months' imprisonment at Vilvoorden was strangled and then burned at the stake. The works of Tyndale and Frith his assistant, col- lected and published after the reformation was established, were issued in London in 8 vols. 8vo in 1831, and by the "Parker Society" in 1848-'50. The translation of the New Testa- ment was the principal model and basis of the King James version, and its diction is but little more obsolete. An edition of it was published in London in 1836, edited by George Offer (reprinted, Andover, Mass., 1837). A memo- rial was erected to Tyndale at Nibley Knoll, Gloucestershire, in November, 1866. TYNDALL, John, a British natural philoso- pher, born at Leighlin Bridge, county Carlow, Ireland, Aug. 21, 1820. Under the guidance of his father, he received a strict religious training, and early became thoroughly con- versant with the Bible. Having mastered Eu- clid, conic sections, and plane trigonometry, he was employed in the Irish and English ord- nance surveys from 1839 to 1844. During the three succeeding years he was a railway engi- neer, and in 1847 he accepted a post in Queen- wood college, Hampshire, which he resigned in the following year to attend the lectures of Bnnsen at the university of Marburg. Here, in conjunction with Prof. Knoblauch, he un- dertook a series of experiments in magnetism and diamagnetism, proving the existence of a relation between the molecular constitution of matter and magnetic force, and demonstrating that the direction of greatest magnetic energy will fall in the line of greatest molecular con- densation. The results of their combined in- vestigations were embodied in a paper "On the Magneto-optic Properties of Crystals, and the Relation of Magnetism and Diamagnetisra to Molecular Arrangement," published in the " Philosophical Magazine " for 1850. On grad- uating in 1851, he prepared a mathematical dissertation on screw surfaces (Die Schrauben-
