92 TYNE experiments made on his own eyes, that the calorific energy of a concentrated electric beam, capable of raising platinized platinum foil to vivid redness, and of instantaneously explo- din- gunpowder at an absolute dark focus, is incompetent to excite the sense of vision in the human retina. The subject of gaseous con- ductivity (which led to views antagonistic to those entertained by Magnus), the action of odors and colors on radiant heat, and the vari- ous laws governing acoustic and optical phe- nomena, have also engaged his attention. To him is due the beautiful interpretation of the azure color of the firmament, as well as of the changing tints accompanying the morning and evening twilight. (See LIGHT.) Since 1873 his labors have been more generally related to those of the Trinity house, in connection with inquiries made into the causes which affect the acoustic transparency of the atmosphere. Prof. Tyndall is a strenuous advocate of the doctrine of evolution. His vigorous language and felicitous method of exposition have giv- en him the highest position among scientific lecturers. Besides the works already men- tioned, he has published " Mountaineering in 1861" (1862); "On Radiation" (1865); " Sound, a Course of eight Lectures " (1867 ; 3d ed., embracing his important observations on acoustic opacity, 1875); "Faraday as a Discoverer" (1868); "Natural Philosophy in Easy Lessons " (1809) ; " Notes of a Course of nine Lectures on Light" (1870); "Re- searches on Diarnagnetism and Magne-crystal- lic Action" (1870); "Notes of a Course of seven Lectures on Electrical Phenomena and Theories" (1870); "Essays on the Use and Limit of the Imagination in Science" (1870); " Fragments of Science for Unscientific Peo- ple" (1871); "The Forms of Water in Clouds and Rivers, Ice and Glaciers" (1872); and "Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat" (1872). Some of these have been translated into various Euro- pean languages. His work on " Sound " has been published in Chinese at tho expense of the Chinese government. TYNE, a river of Northumberland, England, formed by the junction of the North and South Tyne, the former of which rises in the Cheviot hills, on the border between England and Scot- land, and the latter in the E. part of Cum- berland. These two streams unite near Hex- ham in the S. part of Northumberland, and the Tyne thence has a course of 35 m., gener- ally E., to the North sea. It is navigable by vessels of 300 or 400 tons as far as Newcastle- upon-Tyne. Its principal affluent is the Der- went. The Tyne is the great outlet of the sea- borne coal trade, and once possessed valuable salmon fisheries. TYNEMOUTH, a town of Northumberland, England, on a promontory at the mouth of the Tyne, and adjoining North Shields, 8 m. N. E. of Newcastle ; pop. in 1871, 38,941. It has a fine harbor in the form of a basin en- TYPE closed by rocky walls, and in the season is much resorted to for sea bathing. It has many hand- some houses, and extensive rope manufactories, and holds four cattle fairs annually. There is a chalybeate spring; and in the vicinity are traces of a Roman fort, and the ruins of Tyne- mouth priory, founded in 625 and repeatedly rebuilt. TYNG. I. Stephen Higginson, an American cler- gyman, born in Newburyport, Mass., March 1, 1800. He graduated at Harvard college in 1817, for two years was engaged in mercantile pursuits, then studied theology, and was or- dained to the ministry of the Episcopal church, March 4, 1821. He preached for two years in Georgetown, D. C., and for six years in Queen Anne's parish, Prince George's co., Md. In 1829 he became rector of St. Paul's church, Philadelphia, in 1833 of the church of the Epiphany, and in 1845 of St. George's church, New York, which office he still occupies (1876). He has received the degree of D. D. from Jefferson and Harvard colleges. Dr. Tyng has published " Lectures on the Law and the Gospel" (1832); "Sermons preached in the Church of the Epiphany" (1839); "Recollec- tions of England" (1847); "Christ is All" (1849 ; 4th ed., 1864) ; " The Captive Orphan : Esther, Queen of Persia" (1859); "Forty Years' Experience in Sunday Schools" (1860); "The Prayer Book Illustrated by Scripture" (3 series, 1863-'7) ; and "The Feast Enjoyed" ' (1868). For several years he edited the " Epis- copal Recorder" and the "Protestant Church- man." lit Stephen IUgginson, jr., an American clergyman, son of the preceding, born in Phila- delphia, June 28, 1839. He graduated at Wil- liams college in 1858, studied at the Virginia Episcopal theological seminary, was ordained on May 8, 1861, and was assistant to his father in St. George's church for two years. In 1863 he became rector of the church of the Media- tor, New York, and two years later he organ- ized a new parish in the same city, that of the Holy Trinity, which erected a new and enlarged church in 1873-'4, and of which he is still pastor (1876). He is editor of the "Working Church," a weekly journal. He received the degree of D. D. from Williams college in 1872. TYPE (Gr. Tfartiv, to stamp), a piece of metal or wood having the form of a letter or other character in relief upon one end, used in print- ing. The various forms of type have been described in tho article PRINTING, which also contains the history of their invention, the methods of their use, &c. The material of which book and newspaper types are made is an alloy known as type metal, composed of lead, antimony, tin, and sometimes copper and other metals. The metals of this alloy are combined in different proportions, to meet the different requirements of hardness, softness, tenacity, or cheapness. Lead is the chief con- stituent ; antimony is added to compensate for the softness of the lead, tin to give toughness, and sometimes copper to give a still greater
