98 TYROL Great, by the construction of a mole from the mainland to the island, succeeded in redu- cing the whole of Tyre. This mole, grad- ually enlarged and strengthened by ruins and alluvial deposits, has since permanently con- nected the two sites of the ancient city, con- verting the island into a promontory. Even the ruins of the "daughter of Sidon" and Ruins of Tyre. mother of Carthage have mostly been cov- ered by the sea. The burial places still tes- tify to the existence of the ancient city. Most of the tombs are rock-cut and subterranean. They contain generally more than one cham- ber, in the walls of which are recesses holding embalmed corpses in coffins. There are also the ruins of a Christian cathedral, which Euse- bius dedicated in 324 and describes in his eccle- siastical history. It was restored by the cru- saders, and in it were placed the remains of the emperor Frederick Barbarossa. An earth- quake destroyed the rebuilt town in the begin- ning of the 13th century. In 1874 the tract of land on which the cathedral was situated was purchased by the German government for the purpose of excavating it, and the edifice has been partly unearthed. (For the history of Tyre, see PHCENIOIA.) TYROL (Ger. also Tirol), a crownland or province of Cisleithan Austria, bounded N. by Bavaria, E. by Salzburg and Carinthia, 8. by Italy, and V. by Switzerland; area, inclu- ding Vorarlberg, 11,325 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 885,789, nearly two thirds of German and the rest of Italian descent, and all Roman Cath- olics. The principal towns are Innspruck, the capital, Brixen, Trent, Bregenz (in Vorarlberg), and Botzen, the first four respectively the cap- itals of the four circles into which the prov- ince is divided. It is as mountainous and pic- turesque as Switzerland, being traversed by several chains of the Alps. The northern chain is known as the Tyrolese or German, and the southern as the Trent Alps, the latter joining on the east the Carnic Alps. The Rhjetian Alps, which occupy the centre, and are the lofti- est mountains in^ Austria, embrace the Ortler- spitze (12,800 ft!), on the confines of Tyrol, Italy, and Switzerland, terminate in the N. E. part of Tyrol ; and the Gross-Glockner (about 12,500 ft. according to the latest measure- ments), the highest point of the Noric Alps, rises on the confines of Tyrol, Carinthia, and Salzburg. Many of the summits are above the line of perpetual snow, and more than 150 sq. m. is covered with glaciers. These chains are crossed by some of the lowest Alpine passes, the best known being the Brenner pass, trav- ersed by the railway from Innspruck to Bot- zen. The Inn and Adige are the largest rivers besides the Rhine, which separates Vorarl- berg from Switzerland. Lakes Constance and Garda are partly in the province, on the N. W. and S. W. borders respectively. The cli- mate is generally severe except in the south. About one third of the whole surface is cov- ered by perpetual snows, glaciers, and bar- ren rocks, and an equal space by forests ; the rest consists of pasture and arable land. The total value of landed property in 1870 was estimated at about 300,000,000 florins, and of cattle at 23,500,000 florins. Maize and other grain, fruit, wine, and silk are produced. Goats and sheep abound, as well as the cha- mois, hares, marmots, and eagles. The miner- als include gold, iron, copper, lead, and coal. Lace, embroidery, gloves, hardware, and toys are made, and there is an active transit trade and general commerce. About 30,000 Tyro- lese 'annually migrate in summer and return in autumn. The country is rich in schools, inclu- ding a university at Innspruck. The Tyrolese are a fine-looking race, wearing picturesque cos-
