100 TZANA duced by the Lords of Murray and Morton against Mary Queen of Scots" (Edinburgh, 1760 enlarged ed., 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1790) ; and he edited the " Poetical Eemains of James I." (Edinburgh, 1783). II. Alexander Fraser, a Scottish jurist, son of the preceding, born in Edinburgh, Oct. 15, 1747, died there, Jan. 5, 1813. He was called to the bar in 1770, and became professor of universal history in the university of Edinburgh in 1786, judge advo- cate of Scotland in 1790, and judge of the court of session, with the title of Lord Wood- houselee, in 1802. He published a "Supple- ment to Lord Kames'a Dictionary of Decisions to 1778 " (Edinburgh, 1778 ; 2d ed., to 1796, 1797) ; " Flans and Outlines of a Course of Lectures on Universal History, Ancient and Modern " (1782) ; "Essay on the Principles of Translation" (1791); "England Profiting by Example " (1799) ; " Essay on the Military Law and the Practice of Courts Martial" (1800); "Elements of General History" (1801); "Me- moirs of the Life and Writings of Henry Home of Kames" (2 vols. 4to, 1807); and "Histori- cal and Critical Essay on the Life and Writings of Petrarch " (1810). His lectures were post- humously published under the title "Universal History, from the Creation of the World to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century " (6 vols. 18mo, London, 1834-'5). III. Patrick Fraser, a Scottish author, son of the preceding, born in Edinburgh, Aug. 30, 1791, died in Mal- vern, England, Dec. 24, 1849. He was admitted to the faculty of advocates in 1813, and after practising law for several years devoted him- self to literature. In 1844 he received a gov- ernment pension of 200 a year for literary services. He published " Life of James Crich- ton of Cluny, commonly called the Admirable Crichton" (Edinburgh, 1819); "Life and Wri- tings of Sir Thomas Craig of Riccarton " (1823) ; "Life of John Wicklyff" (1826); "History of Scotland, 1149-1603" (9 vols., 1828-'43); "Lives of Scottish Worthies" (3 vols., 1831- '3) ; " Historical View of the Progress of Dis- covery on the more Northern Coasts of Amer- ica" (1832); "Life of Sir Walter Raleigh" (1833); "Life of King Henry VIII." (1837); and " England under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary, with the Contemporary History of Europe " (2 vols., 1839). TZANA, or Dembea, a lake of Abyssinia, in lat. 12 N., Ion. 37 15' E., in a fertile grain-pro- ducing region, 6,110 ft. above the sea. It is 50 m. long, 25 m. wide, has a depth in some places of 600 ft., and contains several islands, some of which are inhabited. It receives nu- merous streams, and is traversed in the S. part by the Abai, the Nile of Bruce. TZSCHIRNER TZAR. See CZAR. TZAESKOTE SELO (Rus., "the czar's vil- lage ") or Sofia, a town of Russia and the im- perial 'summer residence, in the government and 15 m. S. of the city of St. Petersburg ; pop. about 12,000. It grew out of a country house and park of Peter the Great. The pres- ent palace was built in 1744 by the empress Elizabeth, and embellished by Catharine II. The main facade, besides the side wings, is nearly 800 ft. long. The high walls of the banquet hall and other rooms are resplendent with gold and other precious metals. The ball rooms are among the largest and most gor- geous of the kind anywhere. One room is en- tirely panelled in amber ; another is fitted up in Chinese fashion. The marble gallery com- municating with the palace is a stupendous and brilliant structure. The palace grounds extend over a circumference of 18 m., employ 600 persons, and contain some of the most wonderful artificial and natural attractions in the world. They include a Gothic castle with Dannecker's " Christ," monuments of distin- guished Russians, a pretty pavilion near the lake, and the arsenal in an English-Gothic red brick building erected by the emperof Nicholas for collections of armor and curious relics. A new and less costly palace was built by Alex- ander I., and i inhabited in summer by the imperial family. Conspicuous among the many churches is that connected with the palace, with gilded dome and cupolas. On the way to the neighboring Pavlovsk is a triumphal arch which Alexander I. erected to his com- rades in the Napoleonic wars. In the same vi- cinity are imperial villas at Gatchina, Tchesme, and Krasnoye Selo, all, like Tzarskoye Selo, connected by rail with St. Petersburg. TZSCHIRNER, Helnrich Gottlieb, a German the- ologian, born at Mittweida, Saxony, Nov. 14, 1778, died Feb. 17, 1828. He studied theology at Leipsic, entered holy orders in 1801, and became professor of theology at Wittenberg in 1805, and at Leipsic in 1809, superintendent at Leipsic in 1815, and prebendary of Meissen in 1818. He was one of the most effective oppo- nents of the Catholic reaction in Germany. His works include a continuation of the church history of Schrokh (2 vols., Leipsic, 1810) ; Pro- testantismua und Katholicumut aus dem Stand- punkte der Politik letrachtet (1822; transla- ted into English, French, and Dutch); Das Reactionssyttem (1824) ; Brief e eines Deutschen an die Herren Chateaubriand, De Lamennais, &c. (edited by Krug, 1828); Vorlesungen uber die christliche Glaubenslehre (edited by Hase, 1829) ; and Der Fall des Heidenthumt (unfin- ished ; edited by Niedner, 1829).
