Samuel Seabury. Among the Baptists, the most noted are President Francis Wayland, William Hague, H. B. Hackett, H. J. Ripley, Pharcellus Church, Baron Stow, Alvah Hovey, W. K. Williams, T. J. Conant, J. Belcher, R. Turnbull, Richard Fuller, and J. B. Jeter; and among the Methodists, Nathan Bangs, P. D. Gorrie, John and Robert Emory, Stephen Olin, H. B. Bascom, D. D. Whedon, J. McClintock, James Strong, George Peck, Abel Stevens, W. P. Strickland, D. Curry, James Floy, D. Wise, Osmyn Baker, T. H. Stockton, E. O. Haven, C. F. Deems, H. N. McTyeire, T. O. Summers, and Alexander Green. The Roman Catholics are represented by Archbishops F. P. and P. R. Kenrick and John Hughes, the last two chiefly distinguished as controversial writers, Bishops J. England and H. Spaulding, I. T. Hecker, and O. A. Brownson, who has written several of his most noticeable review articles on theological subjects. Among the Swedenborgians, the prominent names are George Bush, author of a treatise on the “Doctrine of the Resurrection of the Body” and numerous commentaries and miscellaneous writings; Henry James, author of “The Secret of Swedenborg” and other works; Theophilus Parsons, author of “Deus Homo,” “The Finite and the Infinite,” and several volumes of essays; Chauncey Giles, author of several works on the future life; B. F. Barrett, Sampson Reed, and Richard De Charms. Philip Schaff, J. W. Nevin, and H. Harbaugh are the chief writers of the German Reformed, S. S. Schmucker and C. P. Krauth, of the Lutheran church; Hosea Ballou, E. H. Chapin, T. Whittemore, and T. B. Thayer, of the Universalist denomination; and T. Evans and S. M. Janney, of the society of Friends. Many of the above, including Brownson, Parker, Walker, and Wayland, have written on moral philosophy and metaphysics. The school of Locke is represented by Francis Bowen, Frederick Beasley, and others; while Parker, Walker, James Marsh, and Emerson have borrowed more or less from the German idealists and the French eclectics. C. S. Henry and O. W. Wight have made the philosophy of Cousin familiar to American readers; J. Marsh has expounded the doctrines of Coleridge; and Samuel Tyler has produced, in his “Discourse on the Baconian Philosophy,” one of the most profound metaphysical disquisitions of the century. Other contributors to this department are Herman Hooker, Hubbard Winslow, Joseph Haven, H. P. Tappan, Asa Mahan, T. C. Upham, Rowland Hazard, Henry James, W. G. T. Shedd, B. F. Cocker, J. Bascom, W. D. Wilson, L. P. Hickok (whose writings on the higher branches of philosophy are among the ablest specimens of profound discussion), Noah Porter, J. McCosh, and Mark Hopkins.—Under the head of philology may be mentioned the two great English dictionaries by Noah Webster (1758-1843) and Joseph E. Worcester (1784-1865), which have superseded all others in popular use in the United States; the “Lectures on the English Language” and other works by G. P. Marsh; the “Dictionary of Americanisms,” by J. R. Bartlett; and the writings of Goold Brown, W. C. Fowler, and others who have devoted themselves particularly to the structure and etymology of the English language. The aboriginal languages of North America have been treated by John Pickering, Albert Gallatin, H. R. Schoolcraft, P. E. Duponceau, E. G. Squier, W. W. Turner, Mrs. M. H. Eastman, and J. Hammond Trumbull; and grammars and vocabularies of the most important dialects have been prepared by missionaries and others specially interested in the subject. In oriental literature the investigations of American philologists have been of great value; and to American scholars, and particularly missionaries, Europe is largely indebted for its knowledge of a number of the languages of eastern Asia, Africa, and the Pacific islands. Among those who have gained eminence by their contributions to Biblical philology are Edward Robinson and Tayler Lewis, both also distinguished as Greek scholars, Moses Stuart, S. H. Turner, J. W. Gibbs, B. B. Edwards, G. R. Noyes, George Bush, T. J. Conant, and H. B. Hackett. In other branches of oriental philology the chief works are the “Burmese Dictionary,” by Adoniram Judson; the English and Chinese vocabularies of S. Wells Williams; the “Notes on Chinese Literature,” by A. Wiley; the Japanese dictionary of J. C. Hepburn; the Karen grammar and dictionary by F. Mason; the Hebrew grammar by W. H. Green; and the “Lectures on Language” and other works of W. D. Whitney, who is distinguished for varied and profound learning; besides the writings of W. W. Turner, E. E. Salisbury, J. G. Palfrey, E. Riggs, W. W. Greenough, and Charles Kraitsir, several of whom have contributed important papers to the “Journal of the American Oriental Society.” Francis A. March, in his “Anglo-Saxon Grammar” and other works, has given important aid to the philological study of English. Among miscellaneous philological writers are C. A. Goodrich, Prof. Schele de Vere, and Horatio Hale, author of the “Ethnography and Philology of the United States Exploring Expedition” under the command of Capt. Wilkes.—The contributions to ethnology comprise some of the most costly works which have yet appeared from the American press. Among these may be enumerated the “Crania Americana,” “Crania Ægyptiaca,” and other works by S. G. Morton (1799-1851); the “Biblical and Physical History of Man,” by J. C. Nott (1804-'73); the elaborate “Types of Mankind” and “Indigenous Races of the Earth,” both profusely illustrated, by J. C. Nott and G. R. Gliddon; the “Diversity of Origin of Human Races,” by Louis Agassiz (1807-'74); the “Doctrine of the Origin of the Human Race,” by John Bachman; the “Progress of Ethnology,” by
