212 UNIVERSITY ferred upon distinguished non-residents. The degrees conferred on examination are master of arts, bachelor of divinity, of laws, and of medicine, master of surgery, and doctor of medicine ; the honorary degrees are doctor of divinity and doctor of laws. Edinburgh grants, besides these, the degrees of bachelor and doctor of science. Bachelor of arts is not now conferred in any of the Scottish universi- ties. A university was established in Dublin in connection with St. Patrick's cathedral in 1320, by a bull of Pope John XXII., but it was never prosperous. The present university of Dublin was founded in 1591 by Archbishop Loftus, and chartered in the following year by Queen Elizabeth as the college of the holy and undivided Trinity. This, the only college, has all the powers of a university. Its govern- ment is vested in a chancellor, a vice chancel- lor, a provost, a vice provost, and two proc- tors. The staff of professors is very full, in- cluding, in addition to the ordinary faculties, chairs of the oriental and modern languages and mining and civil engineering. The stu- dents are divided into four grades : 1, noble- men, sons of noblemen, and baronets, the two first of whom are granted the degree of bache- lor of arts per specialem gratiam ; 2, fellow commoners, who receive the same degree with one examination less than the pension- ers; 3, pensioners, who comprise the great body of the students; 4, sizars, who are ex- empted from annual fees and have their com- mons free. The sizars are limited to 30, and are selected by competitive examination. Each grade of students wears a distinctive dress. Queen's university consists of three colleges, situated in Belfast, Cork, and Galway respec- tively, and each called Queen's college. Each college forms a corporate body managed by a council, consisting of the president, vice presi- dent, and the four deans of faculty. The uni- versity government is vested in a chancellor, vice chancellor, and a senate composed of 20 persons, three of whom are the presidents of the colleges. The seat of the university is in Dublin, the meetings of the senate being usu- ally held in Dublin castle. The Roman Cath- olic university of Dublin, founded in 1854, has several affiliated colleges. The Arabs estab- lished schools at an early period in Spain, of which those at Cordova, Granada, and Malaga were celebrated before the revival of learn- ing in Christian Europe, but they had little in common with the modern university. The first Spanish university was founded at Palen- cia in the latter part of the 12th century by Alfonso VIII. of Castile. About 1200 Al- fonso IX. of Leon established the university of Salamanca, with which that of Palencia was united in 1239. It received its first en- dowment in 1254 from Alfonso X., but the country was in so unsettled a state that there was little encouragement for letters, and by 1310 the university had fallen greatly into de- cay. Spanish students resorted in large num- bers to the Italian universities, and many to Paris and Oxford ; but toward the close of the 14th century Salamanca became an efficient institution and was attended by upward of 10,000 students. In the IGth century it again declined, and it continued to languish until the French invasion, when most of its fine build- ings were destroyed. Salamanca had 28 col leges, of which four were colegios mayores, and the remainder colegios menores. The former, which were aristocratic foundations and re- ceived only students of noble birth, were San Bartolome (1410), Santiago el Cebedeo (1506), San Salvador, and Santiago Ap6stolo (1521). These were the only colegios mayores in Spain, excepting one at Seville and one at Valladolid, and to be a graduate of one of them was to in- sure future advancement. They were deprived of their privileges and remodelled in 1770 by Charles III. The colegios menores were attend- ed by all students not of noble birth. Besides these there were four military colleges, which ranked with the colleges of the nobles, of the respective orders of San Juan, Santiago, Al- cantara, and Calatrava. Only three of these colleges exist in the present university : Santia- go Ap6stolo, now el colegio de los nobles irlan- deses, for the education of Irish students for the priesthood ; San Carlos Borromeo, one of the menores, now the bishop's seminary; and El Carvajal, also one of the menores, which is still conducted on its old foundation. Salamanca was governed by a rector assisted by an aca- demic council of which he was the head. All students and graduates were subject to the uni- versity judiciary, at the head of which was a special official, the maestrescuela. The univer- sity comprised schools of all grades; in the escuelas mayores the course embraced theology, ecclesiastical and civil law, mathematics, natu- ral and moral philosophy, the languages, and rhetoric ; in the escuelas menores, grammar and music ; and in the escuelas minima*, reading, writing, and the elements of grammar. Spain has now ten universities, each of which is in- tended to have five faculties : philosophy and literature, mathematical and natural sciences, pharmacy, medicine, and law ; but they are not all full. Theology is now taught only in the seminaries. The present condition of all tho universities is shown in the accompanying ta- ble. The following are now extinct : Huesca (founded in 1354), Siguenza (1471), Avila (1482), Alcala de Henares (1510, merged with Madrid in 1836), Toledo (1499), Baeza (1533), and Osuna (1548). Portugal has but one uni- versity, Coimbra, founded at Lisbon in 1291 by Dionysius I., who transferred it to Coimbra in 1308; it was again removed to Lisbon by Al- fonso IV. in 1338, and finally established at Coimbra by John III. in 1527. It now em- braces 18 colleges, and has five faculties: of theology, of law, of medicine, surgery, and pharmacy, of mathematics, and of philosophy. The rector, who is nominated by the king, pre- sides over the concelho dos decanos, which con-
