262 VANINI era states, but especially abundant in the swampy pine woods of Georgia and Florida; it has broad spatulate leaves, those at the base 8 to 12 in. long by 2 or 3 in. broad, and a large branching panicle of heads of purple flowers. The fresh leaves have an unpleasant odor, but in drying a large amount of coumarine is devel- oped (see TONQTTA BEAN), and they then pos- sess a very strong fragrance. The leaves are collected in large quantities in Florida, and are shipped to northern ports and to Europe ; they are used to scent smoking tobacco and snuff, by being cut or ground up with them, and are laid among cigars for the same purpose. VANINI, Lueilio, an Italian philosopher, born at Taurisano about 1585, burned at the stake in Toulouse, Feb. 19, 1619. After studying at Rome and Padua, he entered holy orders, taught at Geneva, Paris, and Lyons, was ob- liged to flee to England, where he defended Eoman Catholicism, and was imprisoned for some time. He next went to Genoa, and thence to Lyons, where in 1615 he published his Am- pMtheatrum sEternas Providently a curious argument against various forms of atheism, which however caused him to be suspected of a desire to spread atheistic doctrines. In Paris appeared in 1616 his volume of dialogues D Admirandis Natures, Reginca Deaeque Morta- lium, Arcanis, which after being sanctioned was burned by order of the Sorbonne. He soon after removed to Toulouse, where his eru- dition and eloquence attracted numerous pu- pils, including the children of the president of the parliament. He was nevertheless, after a trial of six months, sentenced to death by the parliament as a free-thinker, despite his submission to the church. See La vie et les sentiments de L. Vanini, by David Durand (Rotterdam, 1717), and (Euvres philosophiques de Vanini, by Rousselot (Paris, 1841). VAN LENNEP. See LENNEP. VANLOO. I. Jean Baptiste, a French painter, born in Aix, Provence, Jan. 14, 1684, died there, Dec. 19, 1745. lie was descended from a family of Dutch painters, and found a patron in the prince of Carignano at Turin, who en- abled him to study in Rome, and in 1719 pre- sented him in Paris to the regent duke of Or- leans, who employed him extensively. This made his fortune as a portrait painter, and he also excelled in other departments of art ; and he became a teacher in the academy. From 1738 till about 1740 he was in London, where according to Walpole ho " bore away the chief business from every other painter." II. Charles Andre, better known as Carle Vanloo, brother of the preceding, born in Nice in 1705, died in Paris in 1765. He enjoyed a great reputation as a painter of history and portraits. In 1761 he was appointed director of the French acad- emy of fine arts, and in 1762 painter to the king. His son Cesar succeeded him as direc- tor, and two of his nephews, Louis Michel and Charles Amedee Philippe, became first painters to the kings of Spain and Prussia. VAN OS VANNES (anc. Cititas Venetoruni), a town of France, capital of the department of Morbihan, near the lagoon of Morbihan, on the S. coast of Brittany, 61 m. N. W. of Nantes; pop. in 1872, 14,690. It is the seat of a bishop, and has a massive cathedral, a theatre, a school of navigation, a communal college, two ecclesias- tical seminaries, and manufactories of wool- lens, cottons, linens, lace, and leather. The port only admits small vessels, but the coasting trade is considerable. VANNI, Francesco, an Italian painter, born in Siena about 1565, died there, Oct. 25, 1609. He brought himself into general notice by a pic- ture of St. Peter rebuking Simon Magus, for which he was knighted by Pope Clement VIII. ; and thenceforth he lived at Siena, where his best works are still to be found. His style re- sembles that of Federigo Baroccio. VANNLCCI, Ptetro. See PERUGINO. VAN OORT, Adam. See OORT. VAN COST. I. Jacob, the elder, a Flemish painter, born in Bruges about 1600, died there in 1671. He studied in Italy, and became an imitator of Annibale Carracci. He executed for the churches of Bruges an immense num- ber of pictures, prominent among which is his " Descent from the Cross " in the church of the Jesuits. II. Jacob, the younger, son of the preceding, born in Bruges in 1637, died there, Dec. 29, 1713. He was educated in Italy, and settled in Lille. He became known as a his- torical painter, and excelled in portraits. VAN OOSTERZEE, Jan Jacob, a Dutch theo- logian, born in Rotterdam in 1807. He was educated at the university of Utrecht, studied theology, and entered the ministry of the Re- formed church. He became pastor at Eem- nes and at Alkmaar, and in 1844 was called to the charge of the principal church in Rotter- dam; this post he occupied for 18 years, and established his reputation as the ablest pulpit orator and divine in the Reformed church in Holland. In 1862 he was appointed professor of systematic and practical theology at Utrecht. He has written in Dutch: "Image of Christ as presented in Scripture;" "Life of Jesus;" " Christology, a Manual for Christians who de- sire to know in whom they believe;" "John's Gospel, Apologetic Lectures;" "Theology of the New Testament;" and " Christian Dogma- tics." For Lange's BibelwerTc he wrote com- mentaries on the Gospel of St. Luke, the pas- toral epistles, and the Epistles to Philemon and of St. James. Several of his works have been translated into other languages ; his com- mentaries, " Theology of the New Testament" (1870), and "Christian Dogmatics" (1874) into English. Van Oosterzee is also the founder and editor, with Doedes, of the " Dutch An- nals of Scientific Theology." VAN OS, Pteter Gerard, a Dutch painter, born at the Hague in 1776, died there in 1839. He formed his style after Paul Potter and Dujar- din, and became eminent for his landscapes, with cattle. He served in 1813-'14 as a cap-
