372 VIRGINIA of Virginia; Culpeper, 1,800; Danville, 3,463; Farmville, 1,543; Hampton, the seat of the Hampton normal and agricultural institute, 2,300; Harrisonburg, 2,036; Leesburg, 1,144; Lexington, the seat of Washington and Lee university and of the Virginia military insti- tute, 2,873 ; Manchester, 2,599 ; Salem, the seat of Roanoke college, 1,355 ; Warrenton, State Seal of Virginia. 1,256; and Wytheville, 1,671. The popula- tion of the state and its rank in the Union ac- cording to the federal census have been : YEARS Whit*. Fra* color*!. Skr*. ToUL Rank. 1790. 442,117 K'.-X 292,827 T4T.610 1 1800. 614,380 20.124 845,796 880,200 1 1810. 651,514 80,570 892,516 974,600 1 1820. 608,085 ar,.s-vi 425.143 1,065,116 2 1880. 094,800 47,843 49,757 1,211,406 8 1840. T40,96S 49,842 44S,9S7 M8B.791 4 1850. 894,800 5MM 472,528 1,421,661 4 1860. 1,047,299 63,042 490,865 gMia 5 1870. 712,089 612,841 1,225,168 10 The decrease in 1870 was due to the separation of West Virginia. The total population of the territory now constituting Virginia before 1870 was as follows: 1790, 691,737; 1800, 801,608; 1810, 869,181 ; 1820, 928,348 ; 1830, 1,034,481 ; 1840,1,017,260; 1850,1,119,348; 1860,1,219,- 630. Included in the total for 1870 were 229 Indians and 4 Chinese. Of the total popula- tion in that year, 597,058 were males and 628,- 105 females ; 1,211,409 were of native and 18,- 754 of foreign birth. Of the natives, 1,162,- 598 were born in Virginia and West Virginia, 7,844 in Maryland, 4,908 in New York, 16,869 in North Carolina, and 15,497 in Pennsylvania. Of the foreigners, 6,231 were born in Germany, 5,191 in Ireland, and 1,909 in England. The density of population was 81 '95 persons to a square mile. There were 231,574 families, with an average of 5-29 persons to each, and 224,- 947 dwellings, with an average of 5'45 to each. There were 200,108 males and 196,709 fe- males from 15 to 18 years of age, including 85,510 colored males and 85,644 colored fe- males ; 206,658 males from 18 to 45, of whom 83,488 were colored ; 161,500 white males and 107,691 colored males 21 years old and up- ward; and 266,680 male citizens 21 years old and upward. There were 390,913 persons 10 years of age and over unable to read, and 445,- 893 who could not write ; of the latter, 81,403 were whites from 10 to 15 years of age, 21,488 from 15 to 21, and 67,997 21 and over ; 57,433 were colored from 10 to 15 years old, 57,208 from 15 to 21, and 207,595 21 and over. Of the total population 10 years of age and over (890,056), there were engaged in all occupa- tions 412,665 ; in agriculture, 244,550, of whom 162,604 were farmers and planters and 80,789 laborers ; in professional and personal servi- ces, 98,521, including 1,073 clergymen, 54,008 domestic servants, 27,780 laborers, 1,075 law- yers, 2,126 physicians and surgeons, and 2,521 teachers; in trade and transportation, 20,181 ; and in manufactures and mechanical and mi- ning industries, 49,413. The state contained 895 blind, 534 deaf and dumb, 1,125 insane, and 1,130 idiotic. The total number of deaths from all causes was 15,183, the ratio of mor- tality being 1'24 per cent. ; from consumption 2,095, being one from that disease to 7*2 from all causes ; from pneumonia 1,452, or one from that disease to 10-6 from all causes. There were 573 deaths from cholera infantum, 251 from intermittent and remittent fevers, 676 from enteric fever, and 1,026 from diarrhoea, dysentery, and enteritis. The territory of Virginia presents six great natural divisions extending across the state from N. E. to S. W., nearly parallel, and corresponding to the trend of the Atlantic coast on the east and of the Appalachian range on the northwest. They occupy different levels, rising to the west like a grand stairway. They differ also in respect to geology, climate, soil, and productions. Be- ginning on the east, they are the tidewater, middle, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, valley, and Appalachian sections. The tidewater coun- try comprises the E. and 8. E. part of the state, forming an irregular quadrangle, with an average length from N. to 8. of 114 m.
