WAPPERS ed by the Indians for the skin, which retains its flexibility after having been wet. It is generally called here elk, a name properly be- longing to the moose; it is also named red deer, stag, gray moose, and gray elk. It has been trained to go in harness. WAPPERS, Gnstave, a Flemish painter, born in' Antwerp in 1803, died in Paris, Dec. 6, 1874. He studied in Antwerp and in Paris, and adopted the style of the romantic school. His " Devotions of the Burgomasters of Ley- den " established his reputation in 1830 as an original historical painter. His most cele- brated works are " Christ at the Sepulchre," " Charles I. taking Leave of his Children," " Charles IX. on the Night of St. Bartholo- mew," " Peter the Great at Saardam," "Execu- tion of Anne Boleyn," "Defence of Rhodes by the Knights of St. John," and "The Great Fishery of Antwerp." He was secretary of Leopold I., who made him a baron; and he was director of the academy of Antwerp until about 1855, when he removed to Paris. WAR* See AEMY, ARTILLERY, BLOCKADE, CAVALRY, FORTIFICATION, INFANTRY, MARTIAL LAW, NAVY, PRIZE, PRIVATEER, SIEGE, &c. WARBECK, Perkin, a pretender to the throne of England in the reign of Henry VII., born in London, hanged at Tyburn, Nov. 23, 1499. He is said to have been the son of a Jew of Tournay, to which place he went in boyhood. In 1490 he appeared at the court of Margaret,, dowager duchess of Burgundy, and there im- pressed every one with his extraordinary re- semblance to Edward IV. ; and it has been thought that he was really the illegitimate son of that monarch. At this court he was taught to represent Richard, duke of York, younger brother of Edward V., generally supposed to have been murdered by his uncle Richard in the tower. In 1492, when there was prospect of a war between France and England, the pretender landed at Cork, and was joined by numerous partisans. Charles VIII. invited him to the court of France, acknowledged him as duke of York, and gave him a pension and a body guard. At the peace of Staples he was dismissed from France and went to Flan- ders, where the duchess of Burgundy received him as her nephew. The populace of England believed in him, and some of the nobility openly declared for him. Henry VII. learned his true history and published it, putting to death or otherwise punishing many of the domestic conspirators. Warbeck, twice driven from English territory, which with 600 men he had invaded in 1495, went to Scotland, where he was acknowledged by James IV. and received in marriage Lady Catharine Gordon, daughter of the earl of Huntly. Going soon after to Bodmin, Cornwall, he was joined by 3,000 of the inhabitants and began the siege of Exeter, taking on himself for the first time the title of Richard IV., king of England, Sept. 7, 1497. But he was forced to retire to Taunton, though at the head of 7,000 men, and took re- 825 VOL. xvi. 29 447 fuge in the sanctuary of Beaulieu in the New forest. He was taken prisoner, and on the promise of pardon made a confession of his life and adventures ; but being kept in custody, he broke from it and fled to the sanctuary of Sheene. He was retaken, put in the stocks at Westminster and Cheapside, forced to read aloud his previous confession, and then con- fined in the tower. Being detected in a plot for escaping with the earl of Warwick, then in prison, Warbeck was tried and executed. WARBLER, the common name of the denti- rostral birds of the family luscinidce or sylvico- lidce, including many subfamilies and a great number of species. The bill is of moderate length, slender, broad at the base and tapering to the end; wings long, and tarsi long and slender ; they are very sprightly, and small ; many are exquisite singers, and some have a beautiful plumage. They are spread over all the habitable globe, and perform a very impor- tant part in the economy of nature in keep- ing down the number of minute insects which inhabit flowers, fruit, and foliage. In this family, according to Gray, belong the wagtails (motacillince), the titmice (parince), the erytha- cinct} (like the blue bird, and the old world robin, pratincole, and redstart), the malurince or soft-tailed warblers of the East Indies and Australia, and the sylmncs or luscinince, the typical warblers. The last seek for insects on trees and shrubs, eating also fruits and seeds ; the nest is generally cup-shaped and neatly made, the eggs five to eight, and the broods two in a season. This subfamily contains the nightingale, the kinglets, and the old world warblers like the black-capped sylxia. (See BLACKCAP.) Of the 40 warblers of North America, placed by Baird in the subfamily sylvicolince, the names of some of the most common are: the prothonotary, mourning, blue-winged, yellow, golden-winged, orange- crowned, black-throated green, gray and blue (three), yellow-rump'ed, Blackburnian or hem- lock, bay-breasted, pine-creeping, chestnut- sided, blue, black poll, black and yellow, and prairie warbler. WARBCRTON, Eliot Bartholomew George, a Brit- ish author, born at Aughrim, county Galway, in 1810, lost in the steamer Amazon, burned off Land's End, Jan. 4, 1852. He was edu- cated at Cambridge, and was called to the Irish bar, but devoted himself to the improvement of his estates, and to travel and literature. He wrote "The Crescent and the Cross, or Ro- mance and Realities of Eastern Travel " (1845) ; " Hochelaga, or England in the New World " (1846); "Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the Cavaliers" (3 vols., 1849); "Reginald Hast- ings," a romance of the same period (1850) ; "The Conquest of Canada" (2 vols., 1849); "Memoirs of Horace Walpole and his Con- temporaries " (2 vols., 1851) ; " Darien, or the Merchant Prince" (1852); and "Memoir of Charles Mordaunt, Earl of Peterborough " (3 vols., 1853).
