46 TURENNE pean species. It occurs along the coast of the New England and middle states, and is a deli- cate article of food. TFBEWE, Henri de La Tour d'Anvergne, vis- count de, a French soldier, born in Sedan, Sept. 11, 1611, killed near Sasbach, Germany, July 27, 1675. He was the second son of Henri de Bouillon, prince of Sedan, by Eliza- beth of Nassau, daughter of William I. of Orange, and was sent when a boy to Holland to learn the art of war under his uncle Mau- rice. In 1630 he entered the service of France, received the command of an infantry regi- ment, distinguished himself in Lorraine under Marshal de La Force, became mdrechal de camp in 1635, and served under La Valette in Germany, where he relieved Mentz, then be- sieged by the imperialists. In 1637, with an auxiliary corps, he joined the Swedish army under Duke Bernhard of Weimar, and cap- tured several towns. In 1639, under the count d'Harcourt, he defeated the united Austrians and Spaniards at Casale, and in 1640 forced Turin to surrender. In 1642 he conquered Roussillon from Spain. After the accession of Louis XIV. he was made marshal of FrancJ, and placed in command of the army in Ger- many. He crossed the Rhine, worsted the Ba- varians under Mercy, acted in concert with Conde in the three days' battle at Freiburg (1644), was defeated by Mercy at Mergentheim, May 5, 1645, but gained a victory over him in conjunction with Conde at Allersheim, near Nordlingen, three months later, and, joining the Swedish general Wrangel, conquered the Bavarians at Lauingen and Zusmarshausen, and foreed the elector to sign an armistice in March, 1647. He then went to Flanders, and took several places, but was stopped in his ca- reer by the termination of the thirty years' war (1648). On his return to France, his love for the duchess de Longueville and his brother's example connected him with the Fronde. At the head of a Spanish army which was sent to support that movement, he was defeated near Rethel by Marshal Duplessis-Praslin, and driv- en out of France (1650). After vain efforts to reconcile France and Spain, he was permit- ed to return home, and henceforth proved the most loyal supporter of the king, while Conde became the leader of the Fronde. He defeat- ed Conde's troops at Bleneau in April, 1652, followed him up to Paris, and inflicted upon him a severe loss in July in the faubourg St. Antoine, and thus secured the triumph of the royal cause. The Spaniards having invaded the north of France under Conde, he worsted them at Arras in 1654, gained the decisive victory of the "Dunes," June 14, 1658, and took Dunkirk. These successes hastened the peace of the Pyrenees, Nov. 7, 1659. In addi- tion to his previous rank as minister of state, he now received that of marshal general. In 1667, war being declared against Spain, Tu- renne entered Flanders at the head of the army, accompanied by Louis XIV., and in less than TURF four months conquered that province ; and sev- eral of his conquests were confirmed by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, May 2, 1668. In the war against Holland (1672) he command- ed one of the invading armies ; and when the European powers came to the rescue of the Dutch, he entered Germany, advanced to the Elbe, and forced the elector of Brandenburg to a separate peace in 1673; then, in a cam- paign celebrated for his skilful strategy, he protected Alsace from invasion (1674), crossed the Rhine at Philippsburg, routed the enemy at Sinsheim and Ladenburg, and drove them back to the Main, and devastated the Palati- nate, burning 30 towns. In the following win- ter, with an army of scarcely 22,000 men, he nearly destroyed 60,000 Austrians and Bran- denburgers under Bournonville, gaining victo- ries at Muhlhausen (Dec. 29, 1674) and Tttrk- heim (Jan. 5, 1675). He now wished to re- tire from active service ; but he was the only French general capable of coping with Monte- cuculi. He therefore continued in command, and during four months the manoeuvres and strategic operations of the two generals were subjects of universal admiration. Finally Tu- renne forced his rival into a position near Sas- bach where he was constrained to fight at a disadvantage; the French commander conse- quently had a new victory in prospect, when, surveying the last preparations on the eve of the battle, ho was killed by a stray ball, and his death caused his army to retreat beyond the Rhine. Turenne was originally a Protes- tant, but became a Catholic about 1668 through the influence of Bossuet. See Ramsay's His- toire de M. Turenne, including his Memoires of the campaigns of 1643-'59 (French and -English, Paris and London, 2 vols., 1735 ; new French ed., 1838), and Neuber's Turenne al Kriegstheoretiker und Feldherr (Vienna, 1869). Tl'UF, The, a term signifying horse racing in all its forms, except the few trotting matches which are decided on turnpike roads in Eng- land. It was no doubt derived from the lev- el ground and short close greensward of the heaths, downs, and commons upon which races were first run in England. These tracts had never been ploughed from time immemorial. The moist climate and strong soil kept the grass thick ; and as the pasturage was free to all the inhabitants of the parish, it was of that close velvety texture upon which the horse likes to extend himself. Horse racing in Britain is of great antiquity, though racing at stated times and places cannot be traced beyond the reign of James I., who gave a Mr. Markham 500 for an Arab horse called the Markham Arabian, which being run against English race horses was easily defeated several times. This horse was believed to be the first pure Arabian im- ported into England. The consequence was that the old English race horse and the Turkish horses from the Levant, with barbs from Moroc- co and Andalusia, were preferred to the Ara- bians for some time. In the reign of Charles I.
