WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 543 principal nations of the globe, with their equiv- alents in the standards of the United States : Arabia (Mocha). Length : the guz = 25 in., the covid = 19 in., the kassaba = 4-1 yards. Liquids : 128 vakias = 8 nusflas = 1 gudda = 2 gallons. Weights : 40 vakias = 1 inaund = 8 Ibs. avoirdupois ; and 150 maunds = 15 frazils = 1 bahar = 460 Ibs. The weights of Egypt are used in some parts. Argentine Republic. (See Spain.) Metric system legal and used in customs. Austria. Length : 1,728 punkte = 144 linien = 12 zoll = 1 fuss = 1-0371 ft. ; 6 fuss = 1 klafter ; and 4,000 klafter = 1 ineile = 4-7142 m. Surface : 1,600 square klafter - 1 joch = 1-4228 acre. Liquid : 80 kannen = 40 maasse = 4 viertel = 1 eimer = 14-95 galls. ; and 32 eimer = 1 fuder. Dry : 16 muhlmaassel = 8 achtel = 4 viertel = 1 metze = 1-745 bush. ; and 30 inetzen = 1 muth. Weight : 1 loth = 270-2 grs. ; and 32 loth = 16 unzen = 4 ylerdlng = 2 mark = 1 pfund = 1-2852 Ib. The measures differ in some parts ; the French measures, under different names, were made legal in 1876. Baden. The fuss is 0-9842 ft. ; the stiitze, 8 963 galls. ; the matter, 4-257 bush. = 15 decalitres ; the pfund, 1-1029 Ib. avoirdupois. Metric system since 1872. Bavaria. The fuss is 0-9517 ft. ; the eimer, 16-944 galls. ; the scheffel, 6-31 bush. ; the pfund, 1-2346 Ib. Metric system since 1872. Belgium. Since 1820, the French weights and measures, but retaining mainly the Dutch names ; as, aune or elle for metre; litron or kan for litre; livre or pond for kilogramme. In weight, the denominations, ascending by tens, are the korrel, wigtje, lood, ons, and the pond = 2-20486 Ibs. Sur- face : 100 sq. elles = 1 are = 119-6083 sq. yds. The cubic elle = 1 stere = 1-308 cub. yd. Bohemia. The Prague foot = 11-83 in. The measures are generally those of Austria. Brazil. In general, those of Portugal. But of Brazil pounds, 99 = 100 Ibs. avoird. ; 5 varas = 6 yds. The medida = | gall. ; the alqueire = 1-135 bush. ; the mark 7-3781 oz. troy. Metric system now legal. Bremen. The fuss is 11-886 in. ; the morgen, 0-6343 acre ; the viertel, 1-915 gall. ; the scheffel, 2-102 bush. ; the pfund = 2 mark = 16 unzen = 32 loth = 1-0986 Ib. avoird. (See Germany) Canada and other British Possessions in North Amer~ ica.The weights and measures are those of Great Britain. Metric system legal, but not obligatory. Cape of Good Hope,. The Dutch standards were formerly in use, but are now mainly superseded by the English. Chili. In general, those of Spain. Metric system legal. China. Length : 100 fans = 10 tsuns = 1 chik or covid = 18-125 in. ; and 100 chiks = 10 cheungs or fathoms = 1 yan = 109-4 ft. Liquid : 100 kops = 10 shings = 12 catties = 1 tau = 1-818 gall. ; and 10 taus = 1 hwuh = 13-18 galls. Weight : 16 taels = 1 catty or pound = 1J Ib. avoird. ; 100 catties = 1 pecul or tarn = 1S3J Ibs. Cuba. Generally, those of Spain. In trade are also used 100 Iibras = 4 arrobas = l quintal = 101-75 Ibs. avoird.; the vara = 88-333 in. ; the fanega = 2-9 bush. ; the arroba for wine, 8-42 galls. Denmark. Length : 144 linies = 12 tommes 1 fod 1-0298 ft. ; and 24,000 fods = 12,000 alens = 1 mill = 4'68 m. Liquid : 8 potts = 4 kandes = 2-041 galls. Dry : 86 potts = 2 skjeppens = 1 fjerding = 0-990 bush. ; and 88 fjerdings = 22 tondes = 1 last = 86-84 bush. Weight : 82 orts 1 unze
1-1029 oz. avoird. ; and 16 unzes 2 marks = 1 pund
1-1029 Ib. ; 16 punds 1 lispund ; 20 lispunds = 1 skippund = 352-9 Ibs. East Indies (Bengal, Calcutta). Length : 86jows = 12 ungleez = 3 moots or hands = 1 span = 9 in. ; and 8 spans = 4 cubits = 2 guz or yards = 1 fathom ; 1,000 fathoms = 1 coss = l/j m. Weight (bazaar) : 80 siccas = 16 chittacks = 1 seer = 2-0538 Ibs. ; and 40 seers = 1 maund. In Madras, the marcal is 8-25 galls. ; the vis, 3,125 Ibs. In Bombay, the hath is 18 in. ; the parah, 3-83 bush. ; the seer, 0'7 Ib. Many other variations, of course, exist in the different districts and islands. The metric system is now legalized, but the kilo- gramme is called ser. Special weights and measures may be authorized by the governor general, but must be a multiple or submultiple of the above. Kyvpt>Thf common cubit = 22-667 in.; that for Indian goods, 25 in. ; for European cloths, 26-5 in. Dry: 24 rubahs = 6 weybehs = 1 ardeb = 5-00 bush. Weight : 144 dirrhems = 12 ukkiyehs = 1 Ib. or rutl 15-75 oz. avoird. ; and 100 rutls = 1 cantar. The weights and measures vary, however, in different parts. France. Length : 1,000 millimetres = 100 centimetres = 10 decimetres = 1 metre = 39-37079 in. ; and 10,000 metres = 1,000 decametres = 100 hectometres = 10 kilometres = 1 myriametre = 6-21382 m. Surface : 100 centiares = 1 are, i. e., 1 square d6cametre = 0-0247 acre; and 100 ares = 10 decares = l hectare. Liquid: 1,000 millilitres = 100 centi- litres = 10 decilitres = 1 litre, i. ., 1 cubic decimetre = 831 VOL. XVI. 35 61-02705 cub. in. = 2-1184 pints ; and 10,000 litres = 1,000 de- calitres = 100 hectolitres = 10 kilolitres = 1 myrialitro - 2,641-8 galls. Solid: 10 decisteres = 1 stere, i.e., 1 cubic metre = 85-3166 cub. ft. ; and 10 stores = 1 decast&re Weight 1,000 milligrammes = 100 centigrammes = 10 decigramme* = 1 gramme = 15-43 grs. troy ; and 10,000 grammes = 1,000 decagrammes = 100 hectogrammes = 10 kilogrammes = 1 myriagramme = 22-046 Ibs. avoird. In the old system of length : 144 lignes = 12 pouces = 1 " pied do roi"= 12-79 in and 12,000 pieds = 2,000 toises = 1 " lieue de poste." Weight' 72 grains = 1 gros ; and 128 gros = 16 onces = 2 marcs = i poids de marc = 1-3116 Ib. troy. Frankfort-on-the-Main.The fuss is 11-27 in.; the vier- tel, 1-895 gall.; the maker or achtel = 4 simmer = 8-256 bush.; thepfund = 1-0314 Ib. avoird. (See Germany.) Genoa. The palmo is 0-8173 ft., the plede manuale 1-226 ft., the piede liprando 1-6857 ft., the braccio 1,907 ft.; the barile = 50 pinte = 19-605 galls. ; the quarto = 12 gombette = 0-427 bush. ; the rottolo = 18 once = 1-0488 Ib. avoird. (See Italy.) Germany. The great diversity of weights and measures which has heretofore obtained in the different states has re- cently been done away with by the obligatory use of the metric standards throughout the empire. The old measures are noticed under the heads of the different states. In the use of the metric system there has been some adaptation of names to the language. Units of length : the meter or stab, zentimeter or new zoll, millimeter or strich. Surface : ar and hektar. Capacity : liter or kanne, hectoliter or fass ; 50 liters make 1 scheffel; J liter is called schoppen. Weight: kilo- gram = 2 pfund ; 50 kilograms = 1 zentner ; 1,000 kilograms = 1 tonne. The values of the metric units are precisely the same as in France. Great Britain. Tor the value of the several units of weight and measure, see the preceding general statement. The denominations and values in the measures of length, surface, and solidity are the same as those of the United States. The same is true of the various systems of weight. The stone is 14 Ibs. The units of liquid and of dry measure at present differ from those of the United States, as previ- ously explained, being those known as the imperial : 1 imp. gallon = 1-2006 U. S. gall. ; 1 imp. bushel = 1-0815 U. 8. bush. In customary use measures of the game name differ. Thus, in wine measure : 32 gills = 8 pints = 4 quarts = 1 gallon ; 86 gallons = 1 tierce ; 1$ tierce = 1 hogshead ; 2 hogsheads = 1 pipe, b'utt, or puncheon. Beer measure: 32 gills = 8 pints = 4 quarts = 1 gallon ; and 86 gallons = 4 firkins = 2 kilderkins = 1 barrel ; 3 kilderkins (54 gallons) = 1 hogshead ; 4 hogs- heads = 2 butts = 1 tun. Dry (the gallon the same as for liquids) : 82 gills = 8 pints = 4 quarts = 1 gallon ; 8 gallons = 4 pecks = 1 bushel ; and 80 bushels = 20 coombs = 10 quarters = 2 weys = 1 last. The pottle is J gallon ; the strike, 2 bushels. The hogshead, pipe, and puncheon (liquid mea- sure) differ also in the case of different wines or other spirit- uous liquors intended. The old Scottish and Irish measures differed from the English, and were also variable with locality. Greece. The French metrical system is in use. Of old measures of length, the short and long picha are 25 and 27 in., the cubit 18 in., the stadium 600 ft. ; the kila is 0-9152 bush. ; the pound, 0-8811 Ib. avoird. Hamburg. Length: 96- achtel = 12 zoll = l fuss = 0-9408 ft. ; and 2 fuss = 1 elle ; the meile = 4-6807 m. The morgen
2-3852 acres. Liquid : 16 ossel = 8 quartier = 4 kannen
2 stubchen = 1 viertel = 1-9074 gall. ; and 120 viertel = 24 anker
6 ohm = 1 fuder ; the eimer is 4 viertel. Dry : 8 spinte
2 himt = 1 fass = 1 -4941 bush. ; and 60 fass = 80 scheffel = 8 wispel = 1 last. Weight : 82 pfennige = 8 quentchen = 2 loth = 1 unze = 1-068 oz. avoird. ; and 16 unzen = 2 mark = 1 pfund = 1-068 Ib. (See Germany.) Hanover. Length : 144 linien or 96 achtel = 12 zoll = 1 fuss = 0-9542 ft. ; and 16 fuss = 8 ellen = 1 ruthe; 25,400 fuss = 1 meile = 4-5901 m. Liquid : the denominations have the same scale and names as in Hamburg, except that the osse) is called nossel, the viertel being 2-072 galls. ; the eimer la 10-576 galls. Dry : 24 vierfass or 18 drittel = 6 himt = 1 malter = 5-3056 bush ; and 16 malter = 2 wispel = 1 last. Weight : scale and names as in Hamburg, except the use of ortchen for spinte, the pfund being 1-0781 Ib. avoird. (See Germany.) Italy. The metric system is now legal throughout the kingdom. For the former local weights and measures see names of states. Japan. Length : the unit is the shakn = 11-948 in.; 1 shaku = 10 sun = 100 boo; 6 shaku = 1 ken ; 60 ken = 1 cho; 89 cho = 1 ri = 2-444 m. Surface : 6 shaku square = 1 tsubo; 800 tsubo =10 se = 1 tau; 10 tau = 1 cho = 2-458 acres Capacity, dry and liquid: 100 sho = 10 to = 1 koku = 5-169 bush. ; 10 go = 1 sho = 0-481 gall. Weight: 1 momrne
57-97 grains; 1,000 momme = 1 kuamme ; ICO momme
1 kin, also called catty, = 1-825 Ib. avoird. iiiW.-The fuss is 0-9542 ft. ; the viertel, 1-979 gall. ; the scheffel, 1-01 bush.; the pfund, 1-0686 Ib. avoird. (See Germany.)
