668 WINEBRENNER WINES the red than the white grapes. Among the best of manures are the cuttings of the vine, applied as often as they are pruned, since these restore to the soil a portion of the alkalies abstracted by the vine and so necessary to the fruit. (See AMERICAN WINKS, and the articles on the wines of Europe under the names of the different countries.) Wines are obtained from the currant, gooseberry, raspberry, black- berry, and elderberry ; and also from other parts of certain plants, as from the root of the parsnip and beet, the stem of the birch and cocoa palm, the leaves of the grape vine, and the spathe or sheath of the aagut vini- fera and other palms. See Jullien, Topogra- phic de toua lea vignobles connua (Paris, 1824, translated into English ; new French ed., 1871) ; Redding, " History and Description of Modern Wines" (London, 1851), and "French Wines and Vineyards" (I860); Mulder, Chemie det Weins (Leipsic, 1856 ; translated by H. Bence Jones, London, 1859) ; Haraszthy, "Grape Cul- ture, Wines, and Wine Making" (New York, 1862) ; Shaw, "The Wine and its Cellar " (Lon- don, 1864) ; Mohr, Der Weirwtock und der Wein (Coblentz, 1864); Sheen, "Wines and other fermented Liquors, from the Earliest Ages to the present Time" (London,- 1864); Husmann, " Cultivation of the Native Grape and Manufac- ture of American Wines" (New York, 1866); Pasteur, Le cJuiuffaye du vin (Paris, 1867); Heckler, Weinbaulehre (Frankfort, 1868); Guy- ot, fitudes des rignobles de France (Paris, 1868) ; Thudicum and Dupre, " Treatise on the Nature and Varieties of Wine" (London, 1872); Dru- itt, "Report on Cheap Wines " (London, 1873) ; and Vizetelly, " The Wines of the World Char- acterized and Classified" (London, 1875). WI.KBREER, John, an American clergyman, born in Frederick co., Md., March 25, 1797, died in Harrisburg, Pa., Sept. 12, 1860. He was originally a minister of the German Reformed church, having charge of four congregations in and near Harrisburg, Pa. ; but owing to a dif- ference of views in regard to revivals, he with- drew from that body, and in October, 1830, established a new denomination, called by him the church of God, but commonly known as Winebrennerians. They hold that there are three positive ordinances of perpetual stand- ing : baptism by immersion, the washing of feet, and the Lord's supper. Baptism, how- ever, is not a necessity preceding church fel- lowship, faith in Christ being the door into the church. Feet washing is obligatory upon all Christians. This rite, as practised by the Winebrennerians, Bunkers, Mennonites, and some others, is based by its adherents upon the example and words of Jesus in John xiii. : " If I then, your Lord and master, have washed your feet, ye ought to wash one another's feet. For I have given you an example that ye should do as I have done to you. If ye know these things, happy are ye if ye do them." The Lord's supper should be frequently adminis- tered, to Christians only, in a sitting posture, and always in the evening. Fast days, expe- rience meetings, anxious meetings, and camp meetings are all approved. The Winebrenne- rians have always been opposed to slavery and to the making and vending of ardent spirits. The government of the church consists of the local council in each congregation, district el- derships or presbyteries meeting annually, and the general eldership, which meets triennially. The ministers are appointed to their stations by a committee of the annual elderships, which also holds the property (meeting houses, par- sonages, &c.) of each society. They have a foreign and domestic missionary society, a book depositor/, and a printing establishment at Harrisburg, where a weekly paper, "The Church Advocate," and a Sunday school pa- per, " The Gem," are published. In 1873 there were 13 elderships and about 600 churches, 400 ministers, and 40,000 members. Mr. Wine- brenner was for several years editor of the " Church Advocate," and in 1844, in connec- tion with I. D. Rupp, published "The History of all the Religious Denominations in the United States." He also published a work on "Regeneration," a " Brief View of the Church of God," "The Reference and Pronouncing Testament," " Revival Hymn Book " (English and German), " The Seraphina " (a music book), a volume of "Practical and Doctrinal Ser- mons," and the " Church Hymn Book." WINES, Enoch Cobk, an American philanthro- pist, born in Hanover, N. J., Feb. 17, 1806. He graduated at Middlebury college in 1827, and taught school in St. Albans, Vt., Alexan- dria, Va., and Washington, D. C., in 1829 be- came teacher on board the United States ship Constellation, then taught in Princeton, N. J., Philadelphia, and Burlington, N. J. In 1849 he was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Cornwall, Vt., and in 1850 became pastor of the church at Easthampton, L. I. In 1854 he was appointed professor of ancient languages in Washington college, Pa., and in 1859 president of the city university of St. Louis. Since 1862, when he was appointed secretary of the New .York prison association, he has been actively engaged in prison reform. Through his efforts a national prison associa- tion was formed at Cincinnati in 1870, of which he became secretary. In 1871 he went to Europe as a representative of the United States government to make arrangements for an international penitentiary congress, which met in London July 4, 1872, composed of repre- sentatives of 26 governments. It appointed a permanent international commission, of which Dr. Wines was chosen chairman, and which met at Brussels in 1874 and at Bruchsal in 1875, and has called a second international congress to meet at Stockholm in 1877. Be- sides several volumes of reports of the trans- actions of these bodies, and one on the prisons and reformatories of the United States and Canada, he has published " Two Years and a Half in the American Navy " (2 vols., Phila-
