744 WUKTZ WYANDOT make the king of Prussia emperor of Germany. The relations between Wurtemberg and the empire have continued friendly, although an opposition is springing up (1876) against the scheme of placing the Wurtemberg and other state railways under the control of the empire. WIRTZ, Charles Adolphe, a French chemist, born in Strasburg, Nov. 26, 1817. He became chief of the chemical department in the medi- cal faculty at Straaburg in 1839, and took his degree there in 1843. Subsequently he was connected with institutions at Paris and Ver- sailles. After the death of Orfila in 1853 and the retirement of Dumas in 1854, their chairs were united in that of medical chemistry, and given to Wurtz. In 1856 he became a member of the medical academy, in 1866 dean of the faculty of medicine, and in 1867 of the acad- emy of sciences, at whose suggestion the bien- nial prize of 20,000 francs had been* awarded to him in 1865. Ho began in 1842 to write for the Annales de chimie et physique, and since 1858 he has edited the Repertoire de chimie pure. On Dec. 3, 1875, he submitted to the French academy the first specimen of gallium, a new metal discovered by Lecoq de Boisbaudran. His works include Traite elementaire de chimie medicate (3 vols., Paris, 1864-'5) ; Lecons ele- mentaires de chimie moderne (1866-'8) ; Dic- tionnaire de chimie pure et appliquee (1868 et seq.), with an introduction published sepa- rately under the title of Histoire des doctrines chimiques (1868); and Les hautes etudes pra- tiques dans les universites allemandes (1870). Among English translations of his works are : 'Chemical Philosophy according to Modern Theories" (London, 1867), and "Theory from the Age of Lavoisier" (1869). Wt'RZBLRG, a city of Bavaria, capital of Lower Franconia, on the right bank of the Main, which is navigable here and spanned by a large stone bridge with statues of saints, 140 m. N. W. of Munich; pop. in 1875, 40,005, all Catholics excepting about 5,000 Protestants and 1,100 Jews. It is irregularly built, but has fine streets and promenades. It lias a magnificent episcopal palace with a garden, rebuilt in 1720-'44. The principal churches are the cathedral, rebuilt in the llth century, containing the Schonborn chapel and monu- ments of bishops ; the Marienkapelle, with re- markable specimens of early German art ; and the Stifthaug, built after St. Peter's, with an imposing cupola. The university was founded in 1403 by Bishop Johann von Eglofstein, but was closed after his death, and restored in 1582 by the prince-bishop Julius. The institution received a great impulse through the prince- bishop Franz Ludwig von Erthal (died in 1795), but declined after 1805, on the cession of the see of Wilrzburg to the former grand duke Ferdinand of Tuscany, and did not re- vive until the restoration of Bavarian rule in 1815. It has ever since held a foremost rank, especially in medicine. The Julius hospital em- braces the lecture rooms, anatomical theatre, botanic garden, and chemical laboratory, and close by are the lying-in and epileptic hospitals. In 1875 the university had 58 professors and several other teachers, and was attended by 960 students, chiefly in medicine, excepting 200 in philosophy and 130 in theology, inclu- ding many foreigners. The university library has 100,000 volumes and 1,500 manuscripts. The other institutions include a gymnasium, theological seminary, and various schools and charitable asylums. The prosperity of the city has lately much increased, and it is in a fair way of becoming a centre of trade for south- ern Germany, especially in wine and fruit. The principal manufactures are sparkling wines, leather, tobacco, wool, and railway carriages. Wurzburg dates from the 6th century. In the 7th it became the capital of a part of Fran- conia. St. Kilian is said to have preached tho gospel here in 688. St. Boniface about 741 in- stalled Burkhardt as the first of the bishops, who were ultimately raised to the rank of prince-bishops, and after 1120 they were known for a time as dukes of Franconia. In the 18th century their territory had a population of 250,000. The treaty of Luneville (1801) secu- larized the see, and most of it was incorporated in 1803 with Bavaria. In 1805 it was by the treaty of Presburg allotted to the former grand duke Ferdinand III. of Tuscany, and raised to an electoral principality. In 1806 it became a grand duchy; but in 1814-'15, when Fer- dinand was reinstated in Tuscany, Wurzburg was restored to Bavaria. The opposite fortress of Marienberg was bombarded in July, 1866, by the Prussians under Gen. Goeben ; and shortly after the army of the Main occupied Wurzburg and the adjoining territory. The fortifications of the city were razed, but those of Marienberg were restored as barracks and a state prison, which during the war of 1870-'71 contained over 7,000 French prisoners. WUTTKE, Helnrieh, a German historian, born in Brieg, Silesia, Feb. 12, 1818. He studied in Breslau, and in 1841 became a private lec- turer and in 1848 professor of history at the university of Leipsic. In the latter year he was elected to the Frankfort parliament, and succeeded Blum in the national assembly, whero he was one of the founders of the " Great German " party. His works include Polen und Deutsche (Leipsic, 1847) ; ErdTcunde und Karten des Mittelalters (1854) ; Die Volker- schlacht bei Leipzig (Berlin, 1863) ; Ueber die Gewissheit der Gechichte(18Q5); and Geschichte der Schrift (1872 et seq.). WYANDOT, a N. W. county of Ohio, intersect- ed by the Sandusky river; area, 350 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 18,553. The surface is level and diversified by prairie and woodland, and the soil is fertile. It is traversed by the Pitts- burgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago, the Cincin- nati, Sandusky, and Cleveland, and the Find- lay branch railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 388,036 bushels of wheat, 451,- 887 of Indian corn, 178,712 of oats, 50,308 of
