CHIFF-CHAFF
Returning to Central Europe, we find it a common breeding species over the greater part of Germany, but rare in Schleswig.
In Switzerland it seems to be common both in the plains and mountainous districts, even breeding in the Alpine valleys; and the same may be said of Italy, where it especially favours the olive groves in Tuscany and Liguria. In Sardinia it is common amongst the hills, and it also breeds in Sicily.
It does not remain in Greece during the summer months, and only passes through Turkey and Bulgaria on migration, but in Montenegro occurs as a breeding species.
Over the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy it is generally distributed, although somewhat rarely in Bohemia.
In Poland it is a common breeding species, neither is it rare in the Baltic Provinces, where it seems to prefer the more mountainous districts. The northern limit in Finland is a line drawn from the northern point of the Baltic to the western point of the Bay of Kandalak. In the southern parts it is rather rare, but more common in the central and northern districts. It breeds in great numbers round Pudasiarvi and the Lakes of Kiando and Hyrynsalmi, and is not rare near Sotkamo. In the vicinity of Kuopio and in parts of the Province of Abo it is common. It occurs near Helsingfors, Willmanstrand, and on the island of Kexholm on migration, and is a breeding species in the Province of Nyland. North of Lake Ladoga it is common, and it is also found in the environs of Onega, on the River Onega, and near the Lakes of Onega, Sego, and Wygo. It has occurred near Archangel, also in the province of Vologda, and we can trace it to the valley of the Petchora as far east as the Province of Perm.
In the Provinces of Pskov, St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Tver, Jaroslav and Moscow it is common. In the Province of Tula it only occurs on migration, but in those provinces lying between the Rivers Oka and Volga both on migration and as a breeding species. In the Province of Riazan it is found on the autumn migration only. In the valley of the Volga
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