346 THE CLASSICAL HERITAGE [chap. Terra d^Otranto, and Calabria. These Greek countries were conquered by the Romans in the third century before Christ, and thereafter were thoroughly Latin- ized. They remained Latin for centuries. From Justinian's time they formed part of the Eastern Empire ; but the Latin and Italian character of their civilization was not affected before the iconoclastic conflict. Its opening found them under the ecclesias- tical jurisdiction of the Roman See. Leo the Isau- rian transferred them to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople. The Emperor made slight effort to suppress images in his Italian prov- inces ; but he and his successors zealously pressed the adoption of the Greek language and the ritual of the Eastern Church. Quite as effectively the re-Helleni- zation of these lands was promoted by the bitterest opponents of the iconoclastic emperors, the Eastern monks who fled in multitudes to provinces where images were not suppressed. They brought their ritual, their language, customs, and painting with them. Not many generations passed before the Greek language and ritual, as well as Byzantine painting, gained ascendency in Calabria and Otranto, if not in Apulia. In the eleventh century the Greek governors were driven out by the Normans. These masters of Hellenized subjects were themselves among the last of many conquerors captivated by captive Greece.^ 1 The Saracenic influence is also marked ; see Choisy, Histoire de V architecture, II, 134-138; Clausse, Basiliques et Mosaiques, II, 524. In Sicily — at Palermo, Monreale, and Cephalu — the architec- ture (twelfth century) is Norman and Saracenic as much as Byzan- tine, but the mosaics (twelfth century) are mainly Byzantine. The sculpture of animals and human beings, as in the capitals of the
