DENTISTRY. 135 DENTRECASTEAUX ISLANDS. In cases of this nature, the tioatiiient should be both local and constitutional or general. Keplaxt.tiox ; 'rKA.NSl>L..Nr.rlON ; LMI'I..TA- Tiox. h'< iiUiiiliilidii, or liie rc|)laein^' of a natural tooth in the socket from which it has been e.- Iracted, or forced out, is a very old operation, and its delinite history is unknown, Tniiis- pUniliitioii, or the placing of a natural tooth in a natural soi ket oilier than the one it originally wcui>ied, is also an old operation, and was spoken of by Anibroisc Pare in the sixteenth cen- tury. In this operation, it was customary to use a fresitly extracted tooth from the mouth of one person ;'.ni4 place it in the socket of a newly extracted tooth in the mouth of another. In an adveni-cn-.ent inserted in a Philadelphia paper in 17S4. l.e JIayeur, a dentist, oti'ers two guineas each for sound teeth to be obtained from ■persons disposed to sell their front teeth, or anv of them. " Itiiiiliintalioii. which may be de- fined to be the placing of a natural or artitieial tooth in an artiiicially prepared socket, or the insertion of an artificial tooth in a natural socket, was suggested by Dr. William Younger, of San Francisco, Cal., in 188.5; but it is asserted that Hourdct, in 1780, advised a similar opera- tion. In the Peabody iluseura, at Cambridge, Jlass., there is a jaw, discovered in the ruins of Copan, Honduras, wherein is implanted (in the socket of a left lower lateral incisor) an arti- ficial tooth of carved stone, which from the amount of tartar on it would indicate a con- sideral)le amount of use in the mouth of the in- dividual. The exact age of those ruins is un- known, but this specimen of implantation prob- ably antedates Dr, Younger's operation by about 1500 years. Experience has shown that im- planted teeth are short-lived, so far as their usefulness goes. After a period varying from two to ten or twelve years, the implanted teetli almost invariably loosen and fall out, because of absorption of the roots when natural teeth are used, and incompatibility when artificial roots are inserted. In many cases of implanta- tion, the operation is unsuccessful from the start, and no union is obtained; in others, a slight attachment seems to occur between the tooth and alveolus, which gives out after a few weeks or months; while in a fair percentage of cases the teeth may become firmly attached and remain for several years. As a rule, they seldom remain longer than three or four years, and are much shorter-lived than replanted or trans- planted teeth, An.kstuetics, The action and history of the use of ana'sthetics may be found described in the general article A.westiietic, and in a num- ber of special articles on the more impor- tant anipsthetic substances in use at present. Here it may be stated that, while chloroform and ether were much >ised in dentistry formerly, practically the only general an;esthetic employed by dentists at present is nitrous oxide, or "laugh- inggas.' The only local ana-sthetic now >ised in dentistry- to any extent is cocaine, which has almost entirely superseded the use of cold-pro- ducing volatile sidistances, like ordinary ether, ethyl, chloride, or rhigolene. ORTiionoXTtA. Orthodontia, or the art of regu- lating or correcting ni;ilpositions of teeth, has recently developed into a distinct specialty, al- though some attention has been given to it by dentists ever since the latter part of the eigh- teenth century. .t the present time some opera- tors devote their whole attention to this branch of practice, and the results obtained by those wlio have the necessary mechanical ingenuity and diagnostic ability are extremely gratifying. De.ntists. oofendale. who came to America in 1700, seems to have been the first regular dental practitioner in this country. Lenuiire came to this country probably in 1784. James Gardette, a native of France, commenced prac- tice iiere in 1781. Ho went to Phihulelphia in 1784, and continued in successful practice there for forty-five years. Josiah Flagg, who, as far as can now be accurately determined, was the first dentist native to this country, commenced practice in 178-i. He obtained his knowledge of dentistry from Lemaire. Isaac Greenwood, the father of the John Greenwood who made sets of artificial teeth for George Aashington, was prob- ably the first dentist in Boston. John Green- wood and his younger brother, Clark, were in practice in New York about 1784. The increas- ing growth of the profession since 1820 is shown by the following figures: In 1820 there were about 100 dentists in the United States: in 1872 the number had increased to 5000: in 1893 the number was V-iSyOO: in 1808. 18.000; in 1000 the number in the United States and Canada was 20,500; in 1002 the United States and Canada had over 27,000 dentists, of which number 10,390 were graduates of regular dental colleges. LiTEiiATiRE. JIarshall, Principles and Prac- tice of Operative Dentistry (Philadelphia, 1901 ) ; ilarshall, A Manual of the Injuries and Diseases of the Face, ilouth, and Jans (Philadelphia, 1897) ; Richardson, A Practical Treatise on Me- chanical Dcntistri), edited by Warren (Philadel- phia, 1900) ; Essig, American Text-hook of Pros- thetic Dentistry (Philadelphia, 1896) ; Gorgas, Dental Medicine (Philadelphia, 1901); Harris, Dielionarij of Dental Science (Philadelphia, 1893) ; Garretson, iiiistem of Oral Snrfieri/ (Phil- adelphia, 1890) ; Kirk, American Text-hook of Opcrafire Denlistrji (Philadelphia, 1900) ; Dex- ter, lliatoni of Denial and Oral Science in Ameri- ea (Pliiladel]diia, 1870). 'Vhe. Denial ('osmos. one of the most widely read journals at the present time, began its existence as The Dental Neics- Lctter, in Philadelphia, Pa., in October, 1847 ; it has appeared as the Dental Cosmos since 1859. See Teeth. DENTITION. See Teeth. DEN'TON (D.anetown). A manufacturing and coal-iiiiiiing town in Lancasliire, Kngland, 2^-2 miles southwest of Ashton (Map: England, G 5). It owns remunerative municipal gas- works. Population, in 1891, 14,000; in 1901, 14,900. D'ENTRECASTEATJX ISLANDS, diiN'tr'- kas'to' (named in honor of their discoverer, Joseph -Antoine d'I'JnIrecasteaux) . A group of islands, about 10 miles o(T the southeast coast of Xew Guinea, lying in latitude 10° S. (Map; East India Islands, L 0), They consist of three large isbinds, namely, Ferguson, Norniansby, and Goodenough, and a number of islets, with a total area of about 1200 square miles. They are very mountainous, some peaks attaining the height of 7000 feet. Extinct volcanoes and hot .s]irings are found on F>rguson Island. Tin and traces of gold have been discovered. Since 1885 the group has belonged to Cireat Britain, formini;
