Cretaceous rocks of Europe, but the best material has come from the Laramie group of Wyoming and Colorado. The prominent feature of these animals is the large size of the head. In Triceratops (q.v.), which attained a length of 25 feet, the head has a length of 6 feet, and it is provided with three formidable horns, and with a broad posterior expansion or crest, formed from the parietal bones, that projects some distance over the neck. The jaws have strong beaks in front and two-rooted teeth in their posterior portions. The skeletons of these dinosaurs are heavily built, the bones are solid, the five-toed fore limbs and the three or four-toed hind limbs are about equal in size, the feet were digitigrade, and the toes were hoofed like those of a rhinoceros. The body was protected by a thick hide, sometimes armored with bony plates, and the tail was smaller than in any other dinosaurs. The best-known genera are Agathanmus, Triceratops (q.v.), and Sterrholophus.
Ornithopoda. These are the most bird-like of the dinosaurs, with small five-toed fore limbs, and well-developed three-toed hind limbs. All the limb-bones are hollow. They were unarmored, herbivorous animals with bipedal walking, running, or leaping motion. Iguanodon (q.v.), of the Belgian Jurassic, with a length of 20 feet, is perhaps the best-known genus. Claosaurus or Thespesius (q.v.), from the North American Cretaceous rocks, attained a length of 35 feet. Hadrosaurus (q.v.), from the Laramie group, had a spoon-bill beak, like that of Ornithorhynchus. Here, also, belongs Nanosaurus, the smallest known dinosaur, which was scarcely as large as a domestic fowl, found in the Upper Jurassic rocks of Colorado.
Fossil remains of dinnsaurs are to be seen only in the larger museums of the country. The American Museum of Natural History in Central Park, New York City, has the finest series of skeletons, many of which are accompanied by water-color restorations of these animals. Other museums where dinosaurs may be seen are the United States National Museum at Washington, Peabody Museum of Yale University, Carnegie Museum at Pittsburg, where a complete skeleton of Diplodocus is mounted, the Field Columbian Museum at Chicago, and the museum of the University of Wyoming at Laramie.
Bibliography. Marsh, “The Dinosaurs of North America,” Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, vol. xvi., part i. (Washington, 1806); Lucas, Animals of the Past (New York, 1901); Woodward, Outlines of Vertebrate Palæontology for Students of Zoölogy (Cambridge, 1898); Hatcher, “Diplodocus, Marsh, Its Osteology, etc.” Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, vol. i. No. 1 (Pittsburg, 1901); Beecher, “The Reconstruction of a Cretaceous Dinosaur, Claosaurus annectens, Marsh,” Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences, vol. xi. (New Haven, 1902). See, also, Anchisaurus; Brontosaurus; Ceratosaurus; Diplodocus; Hadrosaurus; Megalosaurus; Stegosaurus; Thespesius; Triceratops.
DI′NOTHE′RIUM (Neo-Lat., from Gk. δεινός, deinos, terrible + θηρίον, thērion, beast, diminutive of θήρ, thēr, wild beast). A genus of fossil proboscideans allied to the modern elephant and the extinct mastodon and of which fragmentary remains have been found in the Miocene and Pliocene rocks of Europe. No complete skeleton has yet been found. The skull, which is essentially elephantine, is longer, lower, and tapers more in front than does that of the modern elephant. The structure of the nasal bones and of the front of the cranium indicates that the animal had a proboscis, which was not, however, so prominent an organ of prehension as is that of the elephant. The molar teeth resemble those of the mastodon in structure, though they are smaller and have fewer transverse ridges on the crowns. The upper incisors, which attain to such great developments of tusks in the mastodon and elephant, are absent in the dinotherium, but the lower incisors, together with the fused ends of the mandibles, are turned downward and backward to form a pair of strong tusks, comparable with, though not at all analogous to, those of the walrus. The bones which have been found associated with these dinotherium skulls, and which probably belong to individuals of the same genus, are of massive build like those of other proboscidea, and indicate that the dinotherium lived in about the same habitats of dense forests with soft yielding ground as do the modern elephants, and that it was not an amphibious animal, as was for a long time supposed. The largest species of dinotherium lived in Pliocene time and rivaled in size the mastodon and mammoth. The skulls of this genus are found quite abundantly in the Miocene deposits of central Europe, in the Lower Pliocene of India and the Upper Pliocene of Greece, and are often associated with remains of the rhinoceros. No dinotherium remains have yet been found in America. See Elephant; Mammoth; Mastodon.
DINTER, dīn′tẽr, Gustav Friedrich (1760-1831). A German pedagogue and author, born at Borna. He studied theology and pedagogy at Leipzig; held several pastorates, was appointed director of the Teachers' Seminary at Dresden in 1797, and became professor of theology at the University of Königsberg in 1822. He was liberal in his religious views, and practical in his methods of education. His lectures and writings were distinguished by remarkable clearness of exposition. The seminary at Dresden flourished under his management. He was a prolific author and wrote more than sixty distinct works. They include: Die vorzüglichsten Regeln der Katechetik (1802; 13th ed. 1862); Malwina, ein Buch für Mütter (1818; 5th ed. 1860); Unterredungen über die Hauptstücke des lutheranischen Katechismus (1806-23; frequently reprinted).
DIN′WIDDIE, Robert (c.1690-1770) . A Colonial Governor of Virginia. He was born in Scotland; was for some time a clerk in the customs service, was appointed surveyor of customs for the Colonies, and in 1752 came to Virginia as Lieutenant-Governor. He immediately busied himself with plans for the French and Indian War, then impending, and in 1753 sent Washington to demand the withdrawal of French traders and soldiers, who had established themselves on land claimed by Virginia. In 1755 he helped the expedition sent against forts Duquesne, Niagara, Frontenac, and Crown Point. He was in continual conflict with the Colonial Legislature, which persistently refused to vote adequate funds for carrying on the war, and in
