DEAK. 21 DEAN. Hungarian Diet. After tlip disastrous issue of the war between Austria and Prussia in ISOG, the Emperor found liiniself eompelled to accede to all the demands of Hungar-. as fornuilated by Deflk. The Austrian monarchy was reorganized on its present dualistic basis, and Francis .losepli was crowned with great pomp as Constitutional King of Hunijarv in 18(57. Deak remained until his death (.Taniiary 29. 1876) the leader of his party in the Diet. His funeral was the oc- casion of extraordinary manifestations of sorrow tliroughout Hungary. Deak is universally ad- mitted to have been one of the ablest of Euro- pean statesmen. He was a man of the loftiest character, kindly and simple in his waj's. As an orator he was irresistible by the sheer force of his logic, and he was in all his political actions actu- ated by a devotion to trutli and fairness which won for him the name of the 'Hungarian Aris- tides.' Consult: Forster, /'cadcis Deak, Hungarian Statesman (London, 1880) : and Laveleye, "Fe- rencz Deak," in La Pnisse et VAutriclie (Paris, 1870) ; Csengery, Fran.:: Dcdk, authorized Ger- man translation by Heinricli (Leipzig, 1847-78). DEAL (formerly Dole, from Icel. dair, Norw. dal, Engl. dale). A municipal borough, market town and sea-bathing place, in Kent, England, on the North Sea, between North and South Fore- land, eight miles north-northeast of Dover ( Map : England, H .5). The fine anchorage of the Downs extends seen or eight miles between Deal and the Goodwin Sands. The chief branches of in- dustry are connected with maritime pursuits, boat-building, sail-making, piloting or hoveling, victualing, and naval stores. The Deal boatmen have long enjoyed a reputation for fearless cour- age in life-saving, opportunity for which is given in the frequent wrecks that occur on the treach- erous Goodwin Sands. Population, in 1801. 9000: in 1901, 10,600. Deal has been one of the Cinque Ports since the thirteenth century. The coast near Deal was formeily defended by three castles, built by Henry VIII. These are Deal Castle. Sandown Castle, and Walmer Castle. The last, in which the Duke of Wellington died in 18.52, is now the oflicial residence of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. .Julius Ctsar, with two legions in 82 ships, landed at Deal in B.C. 55. DEAIi (Dan. deel, Ger. Diele. board, plank, AS. thel, plank, thille. board). The ti'ade-name for fir boards exceeding six feet in length and seven inches in widtli. They are also occasion- ally called planks, though this term is now more loosely applied. Pieces of smaller dimensions are called battens. Deal are usually three inches thick, and when sawed into thinner pieces they are called boards. When a deal is sawed into twelve or more thin planks, they are called leaves. DEALFISH (deal a board, plank: refers to the shape of the fish). A ribbon-fish (q.v. ), especially of the genus Trachypterus. DEAL ISLAND. An island in Bass Strait, between Australia and Tasmania (Map: Vic- toria, G 6). It has a lighthouse, and rises 880 feet above the sea. DEAMrBULATORY (Lat. deamlulatorium. a gallery for walking, from deamhulare, to walk abroad, to promenade). An open walk or pas- sage, covered with ceiling or vault; either straight, like the deambulatorj- of a cloister. which incloses its four sides, or ouned, like the deambulatory or aisle around the choir of a (Jothie cathedral. Sometimes a deambulatory is outside a building, as in the Commencement Hall at Princeton I'niversity. In the large, uncovered Roman basilicas the colonnades inclosing the cen- tral space are deambulatories. DE AMICIS, dii :i-me'ches, Edmondo. See A.MICI.S, EUMOXDO DE. DE AMICITIA, de :ini'i-slsh'i-a. or L.aE'- LITJS. A treatise by Cicero on friendship, writ- ten in B.C. 44, and dedicated to Titus Pomponius Atticus. It records a conversation between Fan- nius, Scievola, and their father-in-law, Laelius, who is mourning the death of his old friend Scipio. The time is supposed to be B.C. 129. DEAN (ME. deen, OF. deien, Fr. doyen, from Lat. dictnvis, one set over ten persons, from Lat. decent, (Ik. SiKa, dekn, Skt. daia, ten). The title of certain dignitaries, particularl3- ecclesiastical and academic. In the ecclesiastical sense, the title was originally adapted from the Roman civil administration, in which were officers called deans, mentioned in the codes of Theodosius and Justinian. It was customary at one time in the monasteries to appoint a decanus over every ten monks, to take cliarge of their discipline. On the introduction of the canonical life (see Caxot) among the clergy attached to cathe- drals, this title was applied in luany places to the head of the cluipter (q.v.) : but as early as the time of Saint .Jerome, it was customary to have a similar officer attached to the bishop's immediate staff under the title of archipresbyter. In modern Gemian cathedrals the dean is fre- quently subordinate to the provost, .and has ex- ecutive and partly secular functions. He is appointed usually by the bishop, but sometimes by the sovereign or the chapter. The deans of English cathedrals are appointed by the Crown, and required to reside for eight months in the year. The income of the office varies from £3000 in the case of Christ Church, Oxford, down to £500 at Chichester. The title in this sense is used in a few dioceses of the American Episcopal Church, though the functions connected with it are generally rather vaguely defined. There are also in England deans of peculiars, the in- cumbents of certain churches formerly, though not now. collegiate, as of Battle, in Sussex, found- ed by William the Conqueror, in memory of his conquest: of Bocking, in Essex: and of Croydon, in Surrey. The deans of Westminster and Wind- sor are also deans of peculiars, the Abbey and Saint George's Chapel being exempt from the jurisdiction of the bishops in whose diocese they are situated. There have been also from very ancient times, both in England and on the Conti- nent, rural deans whose duty it is to visit a cer- tain number of parishes and report on their con- dition to the bishop: the more important and formal part of their functions has. however, been transferred to the archdeacon. Similar officers in America are known as deans of convocations. In the universities of Oxford and Cambridge the dean is the officer in each college who super- intends its discipline, except in the case of Christ Church, Oxford, which is both cathedral and col- lege, and where the dean is head of the college. The title is still sometimes used in America in its earlier sense as designating the presiding or senior officer of an academic facultv; and in Ger-
