DOGMATISM. 339 DOGWOOD. to him as knowledge call attention to the fact tliat all is not knowledge that seems to be. If, in spile of this fact, a theorist still accepts any judgment as valid in respect to ultimate reality, without tirst iu(|uiring whether his general con- ception of knowledge is tenable, and whether a tenable conception validates those judgments, he is a philosophical dogmatist. Philosophi.'al dog- matism may then be delinrd as the attempt to philosophize without basing one's philosoph}' on a scientific epistemology. See Ivjxowleoge, Tue- oiiV of: Critical PinLo.sot'HV; Empihicism. DOG OF MONTARGIS, mO. 'tiir'zhe'. See .i ui;v i)E ;MoNTiiimi:r,. DOG SALMON, sfim'im. (1) A salmon iOiicorhiiitchiis keta) of the northwestern Ameri- can coast, which resembles the quinnat, but is much smaller and without spots on the fins. It ascends all streams from San Francisco to Kam- chatka, but its flesh is of little value. Native names are hay-ko, le kai, and keta. (2) In A UOG SALMON. Matilat«i male of the blueback {Oncorbyncbas nerka) returuiiig to the sea at the cl<ise of the breeding season. Alaska, an allied species, Otworhynchiis gor- hiischa. (See S.vi,MO!s'. ) (3) The adult male of any salmon, when it is ascending a river in the breeding season, or attending upon the females at the spawning-grounds. In the course of this duty constant fighting occurs, and the survivors return to the sea in a very damaged condition. DOG SHAKK. See Dogfish and Tope. DOG'S MERCtTRY. See Mebci-by, Dog's. DOG'S-TAIL GRASS (so called becau.se its spike is fringed only on one side), Cj/nosurus. A genus of grasses having a close spike, each spikelet with two equal glumes and three to five florets, and beneath each spikelet a eomb-like bract or involucre. The species, which are not very numerous, are chiefly natives of Europe and Asia : but one only is common and valuable, the crested dog's-tail grass (Ci/nosiiruf: ciisliitiis) . which forms an important part of almost all good pastures, and is particularly esteemed for sheep pastures and lawns, for the improvement of which it is often sown. It is a perennial grass, growing in tufts one or two feet high, with many fine root- leaves. Its herbage is fine and close, and its deep roots secure it against droughts, which cause many other grasses to wither: but the herbage is not sufficient in quantity to make it desirable for hay. The seeds are small, shining and j'ellow, whence the name goldseed sometimes given to this grass by farmers. The mature stems of this grass are used in the manufacture of Leghorn hats. It has been sparingly introduced into the United States. It grows best on rich moist soil, and. as it endures shade well, is adapted to shaded lawns. DOG-STAR. See SiBir.s. DOGITE'RA. .A baboon ( Cynoccphnhin do- ffuera) of Abyssinia, more olive in color than the sacred baboon (see Baboo.v), but possibly a variety of it. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET. See EByTHBOSlusi. DOG WATCH. The two short watches of two hours eacli, from 4 to G P. u., and (i to S P. M. i'he»e watches were introduced for the purpose of securing a change of watch each day for the watch ollicers. As it makes seven watches 2>cr day instead of si.K, it causes officers to have dillerent watches every day. if there are less than seven— and the number rarely exceeds five — ex- cept for a few days at a time, and this excep- tionally. See Watch. DOG- WHELK. See Whelk. DOGWOOD. A name given to some of the shrubby and arborescent species of the genus Cornus. There are about twenty-five species indigenous to Europe, Asia, and Xorth America, most of which are shrubs, although a few become trees. The common dogwood {Cornus sangui- nea) of Europe is a shrub 12 to 18 feet high. As with all the larger shrubs and trees of the genus, the wood is hard and the bark bitter. The fruit is small and in France an oil used in soap- making is expressed from it. The Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas), also a native of Europe, yields an edible fruit, which is sometimes used for preserves. Cornus kousa and Cornus capitata are trees in the eastern part of Asia, and Cornus florida, Cornus alternifolia, and Cornus Xuttallii in the United States. The last-named species is the largest of the genus, trees often reaching a height of 70 to 90 feet and a diameter of two feet. It is confined to the Pacific Coast region from British Columbia southward. The common si)e- cies in the United States is Cornus florida, which is found from JIassachusetts to Texas. 'It is a small tree rarely more than .30 feet tall, and is well known on accoimt of its four, sometimes more, white or pink showy bracts ('flowers'), which surroimd the inconspicuous greenish-yel- low true flowers. In Cornus Nuttallii the bracts are a deep pink and are four or five inches across, making the tree a very striking object in the forest. The berries are red and remain on the trees during most of the winter. The wood is white, hard, and fine-grained, and is much used for inlaying, turning, etc. The bark of Cornus florida contains a bitter tonic principle somewhat resembling that found in cinchona, like which it is used to some extent in the treatment of fevers. Other species also contain it, but in smaller quantities. Two dwarf herbaceous spe- cies are common at high latitudes, Cornus Cana- densis and Corims sueeica. They are but a few inches high, have small, white-bracted clusters of flowers and red berries, often called 'bunch- berries,' from their habit of growth. The shrubby species are common along watercourses and do not have bracts to their flowers. Some of them are quite showy when in flower, and also in winter, when their stems are bright red. The autumn coloring of all the species is very strik- ing, red colors prevailing. In the West Indies, Piscidia cr-hrina, a leguminous tree, is known as do.gvood. Us timber is hard and very durable. The bark contains a narcotic substance fre- quently used for stupefying fish, and as an ano- dyne in medicine. Poisoii dogvood. or poison sumac, as it is more properly called, is Rhus venenata, a species nearly related to and greatly
