BOLLINGER. 364 DOLLOND. Kirche, and in 1830-38 the Kchrbiwh dcr Kirchcn- gcschichtr. Neither of these works was curried to completion; they lire combined in the Kn-;- lish tninslalion, A History of the Church (1840- 42). In his next work. Die Reformation, ihre innerc Entiricklung und ihre ^'irku7lgen im Um- fange dcs lulherisehrii liekenntnisxcs (1840-48), lie gathered everything he could find unfavorable to the reformers and their work. Lulher, eine l<l:i::c (18.51), also belongs to this period. For a time he undertook the duties of the chair of dogmatic theology and lectured on "The Phi- losophy of Religion," on "Synibolisni," and on "I'atristie Literature." He was a frequent con- tributor to the n istorisch-iiolil ische llliitter, and published several pamphlets on subjects of oc- casional interest. He was one of the chief con- tributors to the first edition of Wetzer and Welte's Kircheii-Lcxicoii, in which his articles on Luther, on Uossuet, and on Duns tScotus at- tracted much attention. In 1845 he was chosen to represent the L iiiversity of Munich' in the Bavarian Chamber, but. l)eing deprived of his pro- fessorship in 1847, he lost his seat. In the Par- liament of Frankfort in 1848-49 he was recog- nized as the leader of the Roman Catholic party, and fought for the uncomlitional free- dom and independence of the Church. In 1849 he was restored to his professorship ami also to his place in the IJavarian Chamber, which he held till 1852. Up to this time T)r. Diillinger had been an ardent defender of Catholicity, and a bitter opponent of Protestantism. From now on, however, influenced by his historical stud- ies, his attitude began to change, and tended more to liberalism. This change dates particu- larly from a visit to Rome in 1852. Works in which it is evident are: Hi/iiioli/liis u»d Kiilliii- tus, Oder die riiiiiisehc hirche in der cmteii lliilfte des dritteii Jahrhunderts (1853); Heidenthum vnd -ludetithum. Vorhalle zur Ocsehichtc des Christenthums (1857; English translation, The Oentilc and the Jew in the Courts of the Temple of Christ, 1802), a masterly survey of the con- dition of the world at the birth of Jesus; Chris- tenthum und Kirche in der Zeit der Orundlcqung ( 1800). In IStil Dr. Diillingcr deliverc<l two ad- dresses at Munich which were represented as hostile to the temporal sovereignty of the Pope, and brought upon him nuich criticism. To ex- plain and justify his position he published Kirche und Kirchcn, Pnpstlhum und Kirchenstaat (1861), a comparative survey of the condition of the non-Catholic communions and of the Church, and al»o a resumf of the history and condition of the Papal States, holding that while the temporal sovereignty was the means provi- dentially estalilished for maintaining the spir- itual independence of the Papacy, yet it was by no means essential, that the Papacy long existed without it, and that, even if it were overthrown. Providence would devise other means of attain- ing the same end. The sc<'ond part was a criti- cism of the administration of the Papal States, which gave dissatisfaction to the authorities, as being, though well meant, inopportune, and there- fore unfriendly. Tiie Papstfahein des Mitlel- niters (18(i:u, and an address delivered at Munich the same year, Vergnngcnheit und Oe- genunri der knlholisrhm Theolnijic, were no more acceptrtlde. Similar feelings were aroused bv the part taken by Dr. Dilllmger in reference to the 'Catholic I'nion.' But his abilitv and learning were un(|uestioned, and his influence, especially at home, was very great until the ap- proach of the time for 0|x>ning the Vatican Council. It was understood that the doctrine of the infallibility of the Pope would be a subje<-t of discussion and Dr. Didlinger was active in orgsinizing opposition. Assisted by his colleague, Fricilrich. and others, he wrote articles and let- ters on the subject for the Augsburg Allyemeinc Ziilunii, which were afterwards collected in book form: iJtT /'upst und das Konzil ( 180!t, under the pseudonym Janus), and liricfv com Konzil (1870, under the name l^uirinus). On the pub- lication of tl)e decree of the council dcfuiing the infallibility of the Pojie in all doctrinal teach- ings on faith and morals addressed rx cathedra to the universal Church, Dr. Diillingcr refused to accept the doctrine. In .ugvist, 1870. he presided over a gathering of theologians at Nuremberg which publicly repudiated the doctrine and formed the germ of the Old Catholic movement. In the organization of the Old Catholic Church, however, he took no active part. He was ex- communicated by the Archbishop of Munich in April, 1871. While the sentence was pending, he was elected rector of the university of Munich by a large majority of votes, and after it was pro- nounced he received honorary degre<'s by the universities of Oxford and Edintiurgh. and was decorated by the King of Bavaria and the Em- peror of Oerniany. Although he ceased to teach theolog}'. he continued to lecture on ecclesiastical history and related subjects. His literary ac- tivity was little diminished during this stormy period of his life. Among his later works may be mentioned: Sammlung Kon Urkunden zur Ocsehichtc des Konzils von Tricnt (1876) : Aka- demischc Yortragc (1888-91); licilriige zur Sektengcachichtc dcs Mitlclalters (1890) ; Briefe und ErkliiriniQcn iihcr die lalikanischcn Itckrctc (1890): Klcincre Schriflcn (1890). With Pro- fessor Reusch he reprinted the autobiography of Bellamiine (1887), and prepared a history of recent Roman Catholic ethical discussion as a thrust at the Jesuits, Ocsehichtc dcr Moral- streitiqkeilcn in dcr romisch-kntholischcn Kirche srit dcm XI. Jahrhundcrt (1890). He died at Munich, January 10, 1890. Consult: Kobell, Ir/no: ron Diittingcr, Erinncrungcn (Munich, 1891); Michael. Ifina: xnn Diillingcr. cine Cha- raktcrislik (Innsbruck, 1893); and particularly the life by Friedrich (Munich, 1899-1901). See Oi.D Catiioucs. DOLLIVER ROMANCE, The. A novel which .Nallianicl Hawthorne engaged himself to contribute to the Atlantic Monthly: but which his last illness rendered him unable to complete. The first installment appeared in that magazine, July. 1864. DOLXOND, John (1700-01). . distingiiished Kngli~h optician, inventor of the achromatic object-glass for telescopes. He was the son of a silk-weaver in humble circumstances who had come to London as a French refugee. DoUond followed his father's occupation, hut was also able to devote himself to the study of mathe- matics, optics, and astronomy. In addition he made himself acquainted with anatomy and theology, and went so far in the study of the classical languages as to translate the Oreek Testament into Latin, and was also able to read French, (Jennan, and Italian. He apprenticed
